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England's Antiphon
England's Antiphon

Chapter II

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Context Illustration Reading 1/45 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE MIRACLE PLAYS AND OTHER POEMS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.
The oldest form of regular dramatic representation in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called Mysteries, after the French.
To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.
The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.
The word _Miracle_, in their case, means anything recorded in Scripture.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

England's Antiphon

Chapter II

Reading 1/45 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE MIRACLE PLAYS AND OTHER POEMS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.
Line 2
The oldest form of regular dramatic representation in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called Mysteries, after the French.
Line 3
To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.
Line 4
The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.
Line 5
The word _Miracle_, in their case, means anything recorded in Scripture.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

After preposition US /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading “The oldest form of regular dramatic representation in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called Mysteries, after the French.”

Anything pronoun US /ˈeniθɪŋ/

any thing at all

From this reading “The word _Miracle_, in their case, means anything recorded in Scripture.”

Make noun US /make/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.”

Themselves pronoun US /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading “The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.”

These determiner US /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading “To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.”

Tongue noun US /tongue/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.”

Until preposition US /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading “The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.”

All words in this reading · 78

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1338

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

14

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading The oldest form of regular dramatic representation in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called Mysteries, after the French.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE MIRACLE PLAYS AND OTHER POEMS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.

Anglo-Saxons

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

anythingpronounUS /ˈeniθɪŋ/

any thing at all

From this reading The word _Miracle_, in their case, means anything recorded in Scripture.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

called

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The oldest form of regular dramatic representation in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called Mysteries, after the French.

case

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The word _Miracle_, in their case, means anything recorded in Scripture.

centuries

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

CENTURY

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE MIRACLE PLAYS AND OTHER POEMS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.

country

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

dramatic

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The oldest form of regular dramatic representation in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called Mysteries, after the French.

endeavour

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

England

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The oldest form of regular dramatic representation in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called Mysteries, after the French.

English

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

few

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

fifteenth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

foolish

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

form

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The oldest form of regular dramatic representation in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called Mysteries, after the French.

FOURTEENTH

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE MIRACLE PLAYS AND OTHER POEMS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.

French

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The oldest form of regular dramatic representation in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called Mysteries, after the French.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

improperly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The oldest form of regular dramatic representation in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called Mysteries, after the French.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The oldest form of regular dramatic representation in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called Mysteries, after the French.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

introduced

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

knowledge

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

large

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

makenounUS /make/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

means

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The word _Miracle_, in their case, means anything recorded in Scripture.

MIRACLE

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE MIRACLE PLAYS AND OTHER POEMS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.

Mysteries

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The oldest form of regular dramatic representation in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called Mysteries, after the French.

Norman

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

Normans

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

obtained

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE MIRACLE PLAYS AND OTHER POEMS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.

oldest

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The oldest form of regular dramatic representation in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called Mysteries, after the French.

OTHER

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE MIRACLE PLAYS AND OTHER POEMS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.

owed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

people

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

permission

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

PLAYS

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE MIRACLE PLAYS AND OTHER POEMS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.

POEMS

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE MIRACLE PLAYS AND OTHER POEMS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.

Pope

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

portion

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

possessed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

prayers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

printing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

recorded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The word _Miracle_, in their case, means anything recorded in Scripture.

regular

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The oldest form of regular dramatic representation in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called Mysteries, after the French.

religious

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

represent

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

representation

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The oldest form of regular dramatic representation in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called Mysteries, after the French.

represented

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

Scripture

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The word _Miracle_, in their case, means anything recorded in Scripture.

sermons

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE MIRACLE PLAYS AND OTHER POEMS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The word _Miracle_, in their case, means anything recorded in Scripture.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

ToparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

tonguenounUS /tongue/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

uninvented

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

unknown

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

very

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The oldest form of regular dramatic representation in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called Mysteries, after the French.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading To these plays the people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and printing was uninvented.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.

word

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The word _Miracle_, in their case, means anything recorded in Scripture.

year

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plays themselves, introduced into the country by the Normans, were, in the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo-Saxons, represented in Norman French[14] until the year 1338, when permission was obtained from the Pope to represent them in English.