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English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV
English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV is here in full — 16 sentences across 4 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV
Context Illustration Reading 1/3 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.
The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.
Other conventions used to represent the original text are as follows:
Italic typeface is indicated by _underscores_.
Small caps typeface is represented by UPPER CASE.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV is here in full — 16 sentences across 4 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/3 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.
Line 2
The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.
Line 3
Other conventions used to represent the original text are as follows:
/ˈʌðər kənˈvenʃənz juːzd tuː ˌreprɪˈzent ðə ərˈɪdʒənəl tekst ɑːr æz ˈfɑːloʊz/
Line 4
Italic typeface is indicated by _underscores_.
/aɪˈtælɪk ˈtaɪpfeɪs ɪz ˈɪndəkeɪtəd baɪ ˌʌndərˈskɔːrz/
Line 5
Small caps typeface is represented by UPPER CASE.
/smɔːl kæps ˈtaɪpfeɪs ɪz ˌreprɪˈzentɪd baɪ ˈʌpər keɪs/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

ascii noun US /ˈæski/

(computer science) a code for information exchange between computers made by different companies; a string of 7 binary digits represents each character; used in most microcomputers

From this reading “In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.”

conventions noun US /kənˈvenʃənz/

plural of “convention” — a large formal assembly

From this reading “Other conventions used to represent the original text are as follows:”

diacritics noun US /ˌdaɪəˈkrɪtəks/

plural of “diacritic” — a mark added to a letter to indicate a special pronunciation

From this reading “The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.”

Italic noun US /aɪˈtælɪk/

a style of handwriting with the letters slanting to the right

From this reading “Italic typeface is indicated by _underscores_.”

substitutions noun US /ˌsʌbstɪˈtjuːʃənz/

plural of “substitution” — an event in which one thing is substituted for another

From this reading “The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.”

symbols noun US /ˈsɪmbəlz/

plural of “symbol” — an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance

From this reading “In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.”

typeface noun US /ˈtaɪpfeɪs/

a specific size and style of type within a type family

From this reading “Italic typeface is indicated by _underscores_.”

underscores noun US /ˌʌndərˈskɔːrz/

plural of “underscore” — a line drawn underneath (especially under written matter)

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

original text adjective + noun

In this reading “Other conventions used to represent the original text are as follows:”

indicated by verb + particle counted as “indicate by”

In this reading “Italic typeface is indicated by _underscores_.”

All words in this reading · 56

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

a-grave

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

a-umlaut

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

accentsnounUS /ˈæksents/

plural of “accent” — distinctive manner of oral expression

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

ae

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

ae-ligature

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Other conventions used to represent the original text are as follows:

ASCIInounUS /ˈæski/

(computer science) a code for information exchange between computers made by different companies; a string of 7 binary digits represents each character; used in most microcomputers

From this reading In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Italic typeface is indicated by _underscores_.

capsnounUS /kæps/

plural of “cap” — a tight-fitting headdress

From this reading Small caps typeface is represented by UPPER CASE.

casenounUS /keɪs/

an occurrence of something

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.

conventionsnounUS /kənˈvenʃənz/

plural of “convention” — a large formal assembly

From this reading Other conventions used to represent the original text are as follows:

diacriticsnounUS /ˌdaɪəˈkrɪtəks/

plural of “diacritic” — a mark added to a letter to indicate a special pronunciation

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

enounUS /iː/

a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal reproduction; an important antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals in the body

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

e-acute

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

e-book

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.

e-grave

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

followsverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊz/

third-person singular of “follow” — to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading Other conventions used to represent the original text are as follows:

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.

indicatedverbUS /ˈɪndəkeɪtəd/

past form of “indicate” — be a signal for or a symptom of

From this reading Italic typeface is indicated by _underscores_.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Italic typeface is indicated by _underscores_.

ItalicnounUS /aɪˈtælɪk/

a style of handwriting with the letters slanting to the right

From this reading Italic typeface is indicated by _underscores_.

lowerverbUS /ˈloʊər/

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

OE

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

oe-ligature

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.

originaladjectiveUS /ərˈɪdʒənəl/

preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed

From this reading Other conventions used to represent the original text are as follows:

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

PlainadjectiveUS /pleɪn/

clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment

From this reading In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.

pointingverbUS /ˈpɔɪntɪŋ/

-ing form of “point” — indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

representverbUS /ˌreprɪˈzent/

take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to

From this reading Other conventions used to represent the original text are as follows:

representedadjectiveUS /ˌreprɪˈzentɪd/

represented accurately or precisely

From this reading Small caps typeface is represented by UPPER CASE.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.

SmalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Small caps typeface is represented by UPPER CASE.

substitutionsnounUS /ˌsʌbstɪˈtjuːʃənz/

plural of “substitution” — an event in which one thing is substituted for another

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

symbolnounUS /ˈsɪmbəl/

an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

symbolsnounUS /ˈsɪmbəlz/

plural of “symbol” — an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance

From this reading In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.

TextnounUS /tekst/

the words of something written

From this reading In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Other conventions used to represent the original text are as follows:

typefacenounUS /ˈtaɪpfeɪs/

a specific size and style of type within a type family

From this reading Italic typeface is indicated by _underscores_.

underscoresnounUS /ˌʌndərˈskɔːrz/

plural of “underscore” — a line drawn underneath (especially under written matter)

From this reading Italic typeface is indicated by _underscores_.

upperadjectiveUS /ˈʌpər/

the topmost one of two

From this reading The following substitutions are made for other symbols, accents and diacritics in the text: [ae] = ae-ligature [:a] = a-umlaut ['e] = e-acute [a'], [e'] = a-grave, e-grave [OE] and [oe] = oe-ligature (upper and lower case). [hand] = a right pointing hand symbol.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.

versionnounUS /ˈvɜːrʒən/

an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint

From this reading In this Plain Text version of the e-book, symbols from the ASCII character set only are used.

Chapter 1 of English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV by Francis James [Editor] Child holds 16 sentences, grouped into 4 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV contain?

Chapter 1 holds 16 sentences of English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV, unabridged, divided into 4 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV by Francis James [Editor] Child exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 16 sentences, grouped into 4 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV?

Work through the 4 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 4 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV

Common questions about reading English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV by Francis James [Editor] Child on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV?

Yes. All 2466 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #38416 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #38416, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV take to read?

About 205 minutes of reading across 494 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV section by section

How to work through English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 6 chapters of English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV

Words and structures a reader meets early in English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Plain
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Version
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
E-book
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Symbols
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English and Scottish Ballads, Volume IV; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.