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English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2)
English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2)

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2) is here in full — 49 sentences across 10 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/9 · 5 lines
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NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.
Napoleon now waxed great.
Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.
Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.
The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2)

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2) is here in full — 49 sentences across 10 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/9 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.
Line 2
Napoleon now waxed great.
/nəˈpoʊliən naʊ wækst ɡreɪt/
Line 3
Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.
Line 4
Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.
Line 5
The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

aforesaid adjective US /əˈfɔːrsed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading “Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.”

Austrian noun US /ˈɔːstriən/

a native or inhabitant of Austria

From this reading “Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.”

conjugal adjective US /ˈkɑːndʒəɡəl/

of or relating to marriage or to the relationship between a wife and husband

From this reading “Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.”

historian noun US /hɪˈstɔːriən/

a person who is an authority on history and who studies it and writes about it

From this reading “The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.”

honeymoon noun US /ˈhʌnimuːn/

a holiday taken by a newly married couple

From this reading “NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.”

Marseilles noun US /mɑːrˈsaɪləs/

a port city in southeastern France on the Mediterranean

From this reading “Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.”

precursor noun US /priˈkɜːrsər/

a substance from which another substance is formed (especially by a metabolic reaction)

From this reading “Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.”

waxed adjective US /wækst/

treated with wax

From this reading “Napoleon now waxed great.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

bade adieu noun + noun

In this reading “Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.”

newly married adverb + adjective

In this reading “Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.”

brief period adjective + noun

In this reading “Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.”

extreme poverty adjective + noun

In this reading “The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.”

join the army verb + article + noun counted as “join … army”

In this reading “Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.”

two thousand noun + noun

In this reading “Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.”

about two preposition + noun

In this reading “Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.”

All words in this reading · 112

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

11

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

1796

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

31

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

accordingadjectiveUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋ/

(followed by “to”) in agreement with or accordant with

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

adieunounUS /əˈduː/

a farewell remark

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

affectionateadjectiveUS /əˈfekʃənət/

having or displaying warmth or affection

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

aforesaidadjectiveUS /əˈfɔːrsed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

AprilnounUS /ˈeɪprəl/

the month following March and preceding May

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

ARMYnounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

AustriannounUS /ˈɔːstriən/

a native or inhabitant of Austria

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

badadjectiveUS /bæd/

having undesirable or negative qualities

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

badenounUS /beɪd/

a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

Barras

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

Beaulieu

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

behindprepositionUS /bɪˈhaɪnd/

at or toward the back of something

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

bridenounUS /braɪd/

a woman who has recently been married

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

briefadjectiveUS /briːf/

of short duration or distance

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

CAMPAIGNnounUS /kæmˈpeɪn/

a race between candidates for elective office

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

cannonnounUS /ˈkænən/

a large artillery gun that is usually on wheels

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

ChiefnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

collectedadjectiveUS /kəˈlektəd/

brought together in one place

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

coloursnounUS /ˈkʌlərz/

a distinguishing emblem

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

commandnounUS /kəˈmænd/

an authoritative direction or instruction to do something

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

CommandernounUS /kəˈmændər/

an officer in command of a military unit

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

COMMANDER-IN-CHIEFnoun

the officer who holds the supreme command

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

compelledverbUS /kəmˈpeld/

inflected form of “compel” — force somebody to do something

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

conjugaladjectiveUS /ˈkɑːndʒəɡəl/

of or relating to marriage or to the relationship between a wife and husband

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

defeatedadjectiveUS /dɪˈfiːtəd/

beaten or overcome; not victorious

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

DESCENTnounUS /dɪˈsent/

An action of moving downward, dropping, or falling into a deeper place.

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

ENGLANDnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

extremeadjectiveUS /ekˈstriːm/

of the greatest possible degree or extent or intensity

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

factnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

FIRSTadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

FRENCHnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

frequentverbUS /ˈfriːkwənt/

do one's shopping at; do business with; be a customer or client of

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

furnishverbUS /ˈfɜːrnɪʃ/

give something useful or necessary to

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

generaladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Napoleon now waxed great.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

HISdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

historiannounUS /hɪˈstɔːriən/

a person who is an authority on history and who studies it and writes about it

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

HONEYMOONnounUS /ˈhʌnimuːn/

a holiday taken by a newly married couple

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

importantadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt/

of great significance or value

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

influencenounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

IRELANDnounUS /ˈaɪərlənd/

a republic consisting of 26 of 32 counties comprising the island of Ireland; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1921

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

ITALIANnounUS /ˌɪˈtæljən/

a native or inhabitant of Italy

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

ITALYnounUS /ˈɪtəli/

a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

ITSdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

joinverbUS /dʒɔɪn/

become part of; become a member of a group or organization

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

killedverbUS /kɪld/

past form of “kill” — cause to die; put to death, usually intentionally or knowingly

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

leavingnounUS /ˈliːvɪŋ/

the act of departing

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

lettersnounUS /ˈletərz/

the literary culture

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

louisnounUS /ˈluːɪs/

United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion for 12 years (1914-1981)

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

MADEadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

marriedadjectiveUS /ˈmerid/

joined in matrimony

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

MarseillesnounUS /mɑːrˈsaɪləs/

a port city in southeastern France on the Mediterranean

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

Montenotte

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

mothernounUS /ˈmʌðər/

a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother)

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

NAPOLEONnounUS /nəˈpoʊliən/

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

newlyadverbUS /ˈnuːli/

very recently

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Napoleon now waxed great.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

ONprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

povertynounUS /ˈpɑːvərti/

the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

precursornounUS /priˈkɜːrsər/

a substance from which another substance is formed (especially by a metabolic reaction)

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

prisonersnounUS /ˈprɪzənərz/

plural of “prisoner” — a person who is confined; especially a prisoner of war

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

RESULTnounUS /rɪˈzʌlt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

retreatnounUS /riˈtriːt/

(military) withdrawal of troops to a more favorable position to escape the enemy's superior forces or after a defeat

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

seriousadjectiveUS /ˈsɪriəs/

concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

SHORTadjectiveUS /ʃɔːrt/

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

STATEnounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

sumnounUS /sʌm/

a quantity of money

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

thousandnounUS /ˈθaʊzənd/

the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

ThroughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

treasurynounUS /ˈtreʒəri/

the funds of a government or institution or individual

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

understoodadjectiveUS /ˌʌndərˈstʊd/

fully apprehended as to purport or meaning or explanation

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

VICTORYnounUS /ˈvɪktəri/

a successful ending of a struggle or contest

From this reading NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE OF ENGLAND.

visitedverbUS /ˈvɪzɪtɪd/

past form of “visit” — go to see a place, as for entertainment

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

waxedadjectiveUS /wækst/

treated with wax

From this reading Napoleon now waxed great.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon, about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.

wifenounUS /waɪf/

a married woman; a man's partner in marriage

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important a command.

writingnounUS /ˈraɪtɪŋ/

the act of creating written works

From this reading Through Barras’ influence he was made Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles, writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.

Chapter 7 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2) by John Ashton holds 49 sentences, grouped into 10 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2) contain?

Chapter 7 holds 49 sentences of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2), unabridged, divided into 10 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2) by John Ashton exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 49 sentences, grouped into 10 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2)?

Work through the 10 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 10 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #50184, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2)

Words and structures a reader meets early in English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2), each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Superscripted
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Characters
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Preceded
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Caret
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.