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English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2)
English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2)

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2) is here in full — 58 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/11 · 5 lines
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BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.
There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.
But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’
As four are not very interesting, I have not given them, only the last of the series, which, evidently, was meant to be extended.
Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2)

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2) is here in full — 58 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/11 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.
Line 2
There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.
Line 3
But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’
Line 4
As four are not very interesting, I have not given them, only the last of the series, which, evidently, was meant to be extended.
/æz fɔːr ɑːr nɑːt ˈveri ˈɪntrəstɪŋ aɪ hæv nɑːt ˈɡɪvən ðem ˈoʊnli ðə læst ʌv ðə ˈsɪriz wɪtʃ ˈevədəntli wɑːz ment tuː biː ɪkˈstendəd/
Line 5
Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Alps noun US /ælps/

a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction

From this reading “Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.”

assassinated adjective US /əˈsæsəneɪtɪd/

murdered by surprise attack for political reasons

From this reading “BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.”

Austrians noun US /ˈɔːstriənz/

plural of “austrian” — a native or inhabitant of Austria

From this reading “Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.”

caricature verb US /ˈkerəkətʃər/

represent in or produce a caricature of

From this reading “There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.”

expenditure noun US /ɪkˈspendətʃər/

money paid out; an amount spent

From this reading “BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.”

kitchens noun US /ˈkɪtʃənz/

plural of “kitchen” — a room equipped for preparing meals

From this reading “BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.”

Milan noun US /məˈlɑːn/

the capital of Lombardy in northern Italy; has been an international center of trade and industry since the Middle Ages

From this reading “Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.”

napoleon's noun US /nəˈpoʊliənz/

possessive form of “napoleon” — French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

already given adverb + adjective

In this reading “But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’”

All words in this reading · 114

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

12

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

1800

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

AlpsnounUS /ælps/

a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading As four are not very interesting, I have not given them, only the last of the series, which, evidently, was meant to be extended.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

ASSASSINATEDadjectiveUS /əˈsæsəneɪtɪd/

murdered by surprise attack for political reasons

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

assertionnounUS /əˈsɜːrʃən/

a declaration that is made emphatically (as if no supporting evidence were necessary)

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

ATprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

AustriansnounUS /ˈɔːstriənz/

plural of “austrian” — a native or inhabitant of Austria

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

BATTLEnounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading As four are not very interesting, I have not given them, only the last of the series, which, evidently, was meant to be extended.

BEENauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

Bourrienne

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

Buonaparte

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

campaignnounUS /kæmˈpeɪn/

a race between candidates for elective office

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

cannot

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

caricatureverbUS /ˈkerəkətʃər/

represent in or produce a caricature of

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

Combe

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

DenounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

DEATHnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

defeatnounUS /dɪˈfiːt/

an unsuccessful ending to a struggle or contest

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

DemocracynounUS /dɪˈmɑːkrəsi/

the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

DemocraticadjectiveUS /ˌdeməˈkrætɪk/

characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

DESAIX

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

eightadjectiveUS /eɪt/

being one more than seven

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

elsewhereadverbUS /ˈelswer/

in or to another place

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

evidentlyadverbUS /ˈevədəntli/

unmistakably (“plain” is often used informally for “plainly”)

From this reading As four are not very interesting, I have not given them, only the last of the series, which, evidently, was meant to be extended.

exceptprepositionUS /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

EXPENDITUREnounUS /ɪkˈspendətʃər/

money paid out; an amount spent

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

extendedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈstendəd/

relatively long in duration; tediously protracted

From this reading As four are not very interesting, I have not given them, only the last of the series, which, evidently, was meant to be extended.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

FORprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading As four are not very interesting, I have not given them, only the last of the series, which, evidently, was meant to be extended.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

GENERALSnounUS /ˈdʒenərəlz/

plural of “general” — a general officer of the highest rank

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

Gillray

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

GovernmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

HAVEauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

HIMpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

HumilitynounUS /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/

a disposition to be humble; a lack of false pride

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

InnocencenounUS /ˈɪnəsəns/

the quality of innocent naivete

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

interestingadjectiveUS /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/

arousing or holding the attention

From this reading As four are not very interesting, I have not given them, only the last of the series, which, evidently, was meant to be extended.

issuedverbUS /ˈɪʃuːd/

past form of “issue” — prepare and issue for public distribution or sale

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

ItaliannounUS /ˌɪˈtæljən/

a native or inhabitant of Italy

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

KITCHENSnounUS /ˈkɪtʃənz/

plural of “kitchen” — a room equipped for preparing meals

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading As four are not very interesting, I have not given them, only the last of the series, which, evidently, was meant to be extended.

LAVISHadjectiveUS /ˈlævɪʃ/

very generous

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

lightlyadverbUS /ˈlaɪtli/

without good reason

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

LOVEnounUS /lʌv/

a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

makesnounUS /meɪks/

plural of “make” — a recognizable kind

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

MARENGOnoun

a battle in 1800 in which the French under Napoleon Bonaparte won a great victory over the Austrians

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

Maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

meantverbUS /ment/

inflected form of “mean” — mean or intend to express or convey

From this reading As four are not very interesting, I have not given them, only the last of the series, which, evidently, was meant to be extended.

MilannounUS /məˈlɑːn/

the capital of Lombardy in northern Italy; has been an international center of trade and industry since the Middle Ages

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

Montebello

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

NapoleonnounUS /nəˈpoʊliən/

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

NAPOLEON'SnounUS /nəˈpoʊliənz/

possessive form of “napoleon” — French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading As four are not very interesting, I have not given them, only the last of the series, which, evidently, was meant to be extended.

occupationnounUS /ˌɑːkjəˈpeɪʃən/

the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

occupiedadjectiveUS /ˈɑːkjəpaɪd/

held or filled or in use

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading As four are not very interesting, I have not given them, only the last of the series, which, evidently, was meant to be extended.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

PARISnounUS /ˈperɪs/

the capital and largest city of France; and international center of culture and commerce

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

passagenounUS /ˈpæsədʒ/

the act of passing from one state or place to the next

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

Pavia

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

platesnounUS /pleɪts/

plural of “plate” — (baseball) base consisting of a rubber slab where the batter stands; it must be touched by a base runner in order to score

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

reasonsnounUS /ˈriːzənz/

plural of “reason” — a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

ReligionnounUS /rɪˈlɪdʒən/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

SAIDadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

seriesnounUS /ˈsɪriz/

similar things placed in order or happening one after another

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

settlingnounUS /ˈsetəlɪŋ/

a gradual sinking to a lower level

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

SketchnounUS /sketʃ/

preliminary drawing for later elaboration

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

SOUPnounUS /suːp/

liquid food especially of meat or fish or vegetable stock often containing pieces of solid food

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

sourcenounUS /sɔːrs/

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading As four are not very interesting, I have not given them, only the last of the series, which, evidently, was meant to be extended.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

tillprepositionUS /tɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

TOparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading BATTLE OF MARENGO--DEATH OF DESAIX--SAID TO HAVE BEEN ASSASSINATED--NAPOLEON’S LOVE FOR HIM--SOUP KITCHENS AT PARIS--LAVISH EXPENDITURE OF NAPOLEON’S GENERALS.

touchingadjectiveUS /ˈtʌtʃɪŋ/

arousing affect

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

tracenounUS /treɪs/

a just detectable amount

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading Combe, even, had very little to say of this time, lightly touching the passage of the Alps, the occupation of Milan and Pavia, the defeat of the Austrians at Montebello, and the battle of Marengo, where he makes an assertion I cannot find elsewhere, nor trace to any French source, except De Bourrienne.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading But in this year (May 12) Gillray issued a series of eight plates, ‘Democracy, or a Sketch of the life of Buonaparte,’ of which I have already given three--‘Democratic Innocence,’ ‘Democratic Humility,’ and ‘Democratic Religion.’

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading There was very little caricature of Napoleon in the year 1800, for the best of reasons, that we had very little to do with him, as he was occupied till May in settling his Government, and then he left for his Italian campaign.

Chapter 20 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2) by John Ashton holds 58 sentences, grouped into 12 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2) contain?

Chapter 20 holds 58 sentences of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2), unabridged, divided into 12 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2) by John Ashton exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 58 sentences, grouped into 12 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2)?

Work through the 12 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 12 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #50184, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 247 minutes of reading across 594 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2)

Words and structures a reader meets early in English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2), each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Superscripted
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Characters
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Preceded
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Caret
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.