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English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2)
English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2)

Chapter XXVIII

Chapter 28 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2) is here in full — 59 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/11 · 5 lines
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ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.
Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.
‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.
The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’
The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2)

Chapter XXVIII

Chapter 28 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2) is here in full — 59 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/11 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.
Line 2
Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.
/ˌɪnəˈfektʃuːəl əˈtempts æt ˌmiːdiˈeɪʃən siːm tuː hæv bɪn meɪd bʌt ˈsɪtʃuːeɪtɪd æz ðə tuː əˈpoʊzɪŋ ˈpaʊərz wɜːr ðɪs kʊd nɑːt biː/
Line 3
‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.
Line 4
The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’
Line 5
The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Bruin noun US /ˈbruːɪn/

a conventional name for a bear used in tales following usage in the old epic “Reynard the Fox”

From this reading “‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.”

graze verb US /ɡreɪz/

feed as in a meadow or pasture

From this reading “The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’”

handbills noun US /ˈhændbɪlz/

plural of “handbill” — an advertisement (usually printed on a page or in a leaflet) intended for wide distribution

From this reading “ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.”

Malta noun US /ˈmɔːltə/

a republic on the island of Malta in the Mediterranean; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1964

From this reading “The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’”

mediation noun US /ˌmiːdiˈeɪʃən/

a negotiation to resolve differences that is conducted by some impartial party

From this reading “ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.”

mediator noun US /ˈmiːdieɪtər/

a negotiator who acts as a link between parties

From this reading “‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.”

peacemaker noun US /ˈpiːsmeɪkər/

someone who tries to bring peace

From this reading “The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’”

ridiculed verb US /ˈrɪdəkjuːld/

past form of “ridicule” — subject to laughter or ridicule

From this reading “The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

Ineffectual attempts adjective + noun counted as “ineffectual attempt”

In this reading “Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.”

without reference preposition + noun

In this reading “The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’”

All words in this reading · 106

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1803

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading ‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.

addressesnounUS /ˈæˈdresɪz/

plural of “address” — (computer science) the code that identifies where a piece of information is stored

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

agreeverbUS /əˈɡriː/

be in accord; be in agreement

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

artistnounUS /ˈɑːrtəst/

a person whose creative work shows sensitivity and imagination

From this reading ‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

ATprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.

ATTEMPTnounUS /əˈtempt/

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.

attemptsnounUS /əˈtempts/

plural of “attempt” — earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

BarbariannounUS /bɑːrˈberiən/

a member of an uncivilized people

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

bearverbUS /ber/

have

From this reading ‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading ‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

BirminghamnounUS /ˈbɜːrmɪŋhæm/

the largest city in Alabama; located in northeastern Alabama

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

BruinnounUS /ˈbruːɪn/

a conventional name for a bear used in tales following usage in the old epic “Reynard the Fox”

From this reading ‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.

BullnounUS /bʊl/

uncastrated adult male of domestic cattle

From this reading ‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

BYprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.

civilizedadjectiveUS /ˈsɪvəlaɪzd/

having a high state of culture and development both social and technological

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

EmperornounUS /ˈempərər/

the male ruler of an empire

From this reading ‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.

ENGLANDnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.

ENROLMENTnoun

the act of enrolling

From this reading ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.

ENTHUSIASMnounUS /ɪnˈθuːziæzəm/

a feeling of excitement

From this reading ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.

faithnounUS /feɪθ/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

folksnounUS /foʊks/

your parents

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

FrenchmannounUS /ˈfrentʃmæn/

a person of French nationality

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

furtheradverbUS /ˈfɜːrðər/

to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (“further” is used more often than “farther” in this abstract sense)

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

givingnounUS /ˈɡɪvɪŋ/

the act of giving

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

grazeverbUS /ɡreɪz/

feed as in a meadow or pasture

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

HANDBILLSnounUS /ˈhændbɪlz/

plural of “handbill” — an advertisement (usually printed on a page or in a leaflet) intended for wide distribution

From this reading ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.

handsnounUS /hændz/

(with “in”) guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child

From this reading ‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

heartnounUS /hɑːrt/

the locus of feelings and intuitions

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

INprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.

IneffectualadjectiveUS /ˌɪnəˈfektʃuːəl/

not producing an intended effect

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

joiningnounUS /ˈdʒɔɪnɪŋ/

the act of bringing two things into contact (especially for communication)

From this reading ‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.

JunenounUS /dʒuːn/

the month following May and preceding July

From this reading ‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.

letauxiliary verbUS /let/

used to make a suggestion or a command including the speaker

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

LibertynounUS /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

lovenounUS /lʌv/

a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

MaltanounUS /ˈmɔːltə/

a republic on the island of Malta in the Mediterranean; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1964

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

MARTIALadjectiveUS /ˈmɑːrʃəl/

(of persons) befitting a warrior

From this reading ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.

mattersnounUS /ˈmætərz/

plural of “matter” — a vaguely specified concern

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

MEDIATIONnounUS /ˌmiːdiˈeɪʃən/

a negotiation to resolve differences that is conducted by some impartial party

From this reading ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.

mediatornounUS /ˈmiːdieɪtər/

a negotiator who acts as a link between parties

From this reading ‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.

MonkeynounUS /ˈmʌŋki/

any of various long-tailed primates (excluding the prosimians)

From this reading ‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

NationnounUS /ˈneɪʃən/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

NorthnounUS /nɔːrθ/

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

opposingadjectiveUS /əˈpoʊzɪŋ/

characterized by active hostility

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

PaddocknounUS /ˈpædək/

pen where racehorses are saddled and paraded before a race

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

PATRIOTICadjectiveUS /ˌpeɪtriˈɑːtɪk/

inspired by love for your country

From this reading ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.

peacemakernounUS /ˈpiːsmeɪkər/

someone who tries to bring peace

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

PowersnounUS /ˈpaʊərz/

plural of “power” — possession of controlling influence

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

promiseverbUS /ˈprɑːməs/

make a promise or commitment

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

quietlyadverbUS /ˈkwaɪətli/

with low volume

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

referencenounUS /ˈrefərəns/

a remark that calls attention to something or someone

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

representsverbUS /ˌreprɪˈzents/

third-person singular of “represent” — take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to

From this reading ‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.

ridiculedverbUS /ˈrɪdəkjuːld/

past form of “ridicule” — subject to laughter or ridicule

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

RUSSIAnounUS /ˈrʌʃə/

a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia and others); officially dissolved 31 December 1991

From this reading ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.

seemverbUS /siːm/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

sensenounUS /sens/

a general conscious awareness

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

situatedadjectiveUS /ˈsɪtʃuːeɪtɪd/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

Sixpencenoun

a small coin of the United Kingdom worth six pennies; not minted since 1970

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

SONGSnounUS /sɔːŋz/

plural of “song” — a short musical composition with words

From this reading ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.

supposeverbUS /səˈpoʊz/

express a supposition

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

thinkverbUS /θɪŋk/

judge or regard; look upon; judge

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

thusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

unknownadjectiveUS /ənˈnoʊn/

not known

From this reading ‘Bruin become mediator’ (artist unknown, June 1803) represents the Emperor of Russia as a bear, joining the hands of a Bull and a Monkey.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

VOLUNTEERSnounUS /ˌvɑːlənˈtɪrz/

plural of “volunteer” — (military) a person who freely enlists for service

From this reading ATTEMPT AT MEDIATION BY RUSSIA--MARTIAL ENTHUSIASM IN ENGLAND--ENROLMENT OF VOLUNTEERS--PATRIOTIC HANDBILLS AND SONGS.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Ineffectual attempts at mediation seem to have been made, but, situated as the two opposing Powers were, this could not be.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The Monkey is giving his hand with ‘I promise on the faith of a Frenchman (which is as any Birmingham Sixpence) to let you graze quietly in the Malta Paddock--and to love you with all my heart, as much as I do the Liberty of the French Nation.’

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

wondernounUS /ˈwʌndər/

the feeling aroused by something strange and surprising

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

yourselvespronounUS /jʊrˈselvz/

used when the people spoken to are both doing and receiving the action

From this reading The peacemaker thus addresses them, ‘I wonder you civilized folks could not agree upon matters without reference to me, whom you have ridiculed as a Barbarian--but I suppose you think I must have more sense than yourselves, because I come further North.’

Chapter 28 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2) by John Ashton holds 59 sentences, grouped into 12 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 28 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2) contain?

Chapter 28 holds 59 sentences of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2), unabridged, divided into 12 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 28 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2) by John Ashton exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 59 sentences, grouped into 12 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 28 of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2)?

Work through the 12 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 12 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Vocabulary met early in English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2)

Words and structures a reader meets early in English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2), each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Superscripted
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I. Volume 1 (of 2); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Characters
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Preceded
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Caret
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