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English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1
English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1 is here in full — 181 sentences across 37 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1
Context Illustration Reading 1/36 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.
I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.
Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.
_Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.
Conquered people are never in much mood for song-singing or for history-making.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1 is here in full — 181 sentences across 37 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/36 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.
Line 2
I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning throSt. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.
Line 3
Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.
Line 4
_Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.
Line 5
Conquered people are never in much mood for song-singing or for history-making.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Beda noun US /ˈbeɪdə/

(Roman Catholic Church) English monk and scholar (672-735)

From this reading “I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.”

Britons noun US /ˈbrɪtənz/

plural of “briton” — a native or inhabitant of Great Britain

From this reading “_Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.”

Celtic adjective US /ˈseltɪk/

relating to or characteristic of the Celts

From this reading “I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.”

chirping verb US /ˈtʃɜːrpɪŋ/

-ing form of “chirp” — make high-pitched sounds

From this reading “Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.”

governing adjective US /ˈɡʌvərnɪŋ/

responsible for making and enforcing rules and laws

From this reading “_Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.”

irascible adjective US /ˌɪˈræsɪbəl/

quickly aroused to anger

From this reading “_Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.”

recur verb US /rɪˈkɜːr/

happen or occur again

From this reading “I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.”

welter noun US /ˈweltər/

a confused multitude of things

From this reading “Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

thousand years noun + noun

In this reading “I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.”

at once preposition + adverb

without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening

In this reading “I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.”

go back verb + particle

belong to an earlier time

In this reading “I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.”

in the middle preposition + article + noun counted as “in … middle”

In this reading “Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.”

went down verb + adjective counted as “go down”

move downward and lower, but not necessarily all the way

In this reading “Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.”

gleam through verb + particle

In this reading “I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.”

jump forward verb + particle

In this reading “I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.”

gleam of verb + particle

In this reading “I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.”

All words in this reading · 145

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

AlfrednounUS /ˈælfrəd/

king of Wessex; defeated the Vikings and encouraged writing in English (849-899)

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Conquered people are never in much mood for song-singing or for history-making.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

atmospherenounUS /ˈætməsfɪr/

a particular environment or surrounding influence

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

AugustinenounUS /ˈɑːɡəstiːn/

(Roman Catholic Church) one of the great Fathers of the early Christian church; after a dramatic conversion to Christianity he became bishop of Hippo Regius in North Africa; St. Augustine emphasized man's need for grace (354-430)

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

BedanounUS /ˈbeɪdə/

(Roman Catholic Church) English monk and scholar (672-735)

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

BeforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

BiblenounUS /ˈbaɪbəl/

the sacred writings of the Christian religions

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

book-maker

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

boynounUS /bɔɪ/

a youthful male person

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

BritonsnounUS /ˈbrɪtənz/

plural of “briton” — a native or inhabitant of Great Britain

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

Canutenoun

king of Denmark and Norway who forced Edmund II to divide England with him; on the death of Edmund II, Canute became king of all England (994-1035)

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

CelticadjectiveUS /ˈseltɪk/

relating to or characteristic of the Celts

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

chirpingverbUS /ˈtʃɜːrpɪŋ/

-ing form of “chirp” — make high-pitched sounds

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

ChristianadjectiveUS /ˈkrɪstʃən/

relating to or characteristic of Christianity

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

ConqueredverbUS /ˈkɑːŋkərd/

past form of “conquer” — bring under control by force or authority

From this reading Conquered people are never in much mood for song-singing or for history-making.

conqueringnounUS /ˈkɑːŋkərɪŋ/

the act of conquering

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

CornwallnounUS /ˈkɔːrnwɔːl/

a hilly county in southwestern England

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

cultivators

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

Cumbrianoun

a former Celtic kingdom in northwestern England; the name continued to be used for the hilly northwestern region of England including the Lake District and the northern Pennines

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

Cædmon's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

DanishnounUS /ˈdeɪnɪʃ/

a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

drearyadjectiveUS /ˈdrɪri/

lacking in liveliness or charm or surprise

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

driftingnounUS /ˈdrɪftɪŋ/

aimless wandering from place to place

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

echoverbUS /ˈekoʊ/

to say again or imitate

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

forwardadverbUS /ˈfɔːrwərd/

at or to or toward the front

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

Geoffrey

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

gleamverbUS /ɡliːm/

be shiny, as if wet

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

goverbUS /ɡoʊ/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

governingadjectiveUS /ˈɡʌvərnɪŋ/

responsible for making and enforcing rules and laws

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

GreatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

Harold

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

HastingsnounUS /ˈheɪstɪŋz/

United States architect who formed and important architectural firm with John Merven Carrere (1860-1929)

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

history-making

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Conquered people are never in much mood for song-singing or for history-making.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

Iona

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

irascibleadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈræsɪbəl/

quickly aroused to anger

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

IrishnounUS /ˈaɪrɪʃ/

people of Ireland or of Irish extraction

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

jumpverbUS /dʒʌmp/

move forward by leaps and bounds

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

land-holders

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

languagenounUS /ˈlæŋɡwədʒ/

a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

learningnounUS /ˈlɜːrnɪŋ/

the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

Lindisfarne

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

middlenounUS /ˈmɪdəl/

an area that is approximately central within some larger region

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

Milton's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

momentnounUS /ˈmoʊmənt/

a particular point in time

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

monkishadjective

befitting a monk; inclined to self-denial

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

Monmouth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

moodnounUS /muːd/

a characteristic (habitual or relatively temporary) state of feeling

From this reading Conquered people are never in much mood for song-singing or for history-making.

moodynounUS /ˈmuːdi/

United States tennis player who dominated women's tennis in the 1920s and 1930s (1905-1998)

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading Conquered people are never in much mood for song-singing or for history-making.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Conquered people are never in much mood for song-singing or for history-making.

nextadjectiveUS /nekst/

immediately following in time or order

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

NormannounUS /ˈnɔːrmən/

United States operatic soprano (born in 1945)

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

office-holding

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

openingnounUS /ˈoʊpənɪŋ/

an open or empty space in or between things

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Conquered people are never in much mood for song-singing or for history-making.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

readernounUS /ˈriːdər/

a person who enjoys reading

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

recurverbUS /rɪˈkɜːr/

happen or occur again

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

rememberverbUS /rɪˈmɛm.bər/

To recall to mind.

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

ringingnounUS /ˈrɪŋɪŋ/

the sound of a bell ringing

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

SaxonnounUS /ˈsæksən/

a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

saysnounUS /sez/

plural of “say” — the chance to speak

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

singingnounUS /ˈsɪŋɪŋ/

the act of singing vocal music

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

slaughternounUS /ˈslɔːtər/

the killing of animals (as for food)

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

songnounUS /sɔːŋ/

a short musical composition with words

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

song-singing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Conquered people are never in much mood for song-singing or for history-making.

sourcesnounUS /ˈsɔːrsəz/

plural of “source” — the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

SouthernadjectiveUS /ˈsʌðərn/

in or characteristic of a region of the United States south of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

speakingnounUS /ˈspiːkɪŋ/

the utterance of intelligible speech

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

spokenounUS /spoʊk/

support consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

startverbUS /stɑːrt/

take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

storynounUS /ˈstɔːri/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

talkverbUS /tɔːk/

exchange thoughts; talk with

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

tellingadjectiveUS /ˈtelɪŋ/

disclosing unintentionally something concealed

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

thousandnounUS /ˈθaʊzənd/

the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

thro

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

to-day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

traditionnounUS /trəˈdɪʃən/

an inherited pattern of thought or action

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

WalesnounUS /weɪlz/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; during Roman times the region was known as Cambria

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

war-songs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

warsnounUS /wɔːrz/

plural of “war” — the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

welternounUS /ˈweltər/

a confused multitude of things

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading Before him and after him came a dreary welter of Danish wars; the great Canute--tradition says--chirping a song in the middle of them; and last, the slaughter of Hastings, where the Saxon Harold went down, and the conquering Norman came up.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

wiselyadverbUS /ˈwaɪzli/

in a wise manner

From this reading I recur a moment to what was said in our opening talk--as a boy will wisely go back a little way for a better jump forward.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading I spoke--the reader will remember--of ringing, Celtic war-songs, which seemed to be all of literature that was drifting in the atmosphere, when we began: then there came a gleam of Christian light and of monkish learning thro’ St. Augustine in Southern England; and another gleam through Iona, and Lindisfarne, from Irish sources; then came Cædmon’s Bible singing,--which had echo far down in Milton’s day; next the good old Beda, telling the story of these things; then--a thousand years ago,--the Great Alfred, at once a book-maker and a King.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading _Geoffrey of Monmouth._ We start to-day with an England that has its office-holding and governing people speaking one language--its moody land-holders and cultivators speaking another--and its irascible Britons in Wales and Cumbria and Cornwall speaking yet another.

Chapter 3 of English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1 by Donald Grant Mitchell holds 181 sentences, grouped into 37 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1 contain?

Chapter 3 holds 181 sentences of English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1, unabridged, divided into 37 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1 by Donald Grant Mitchell exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 181 sentences, grouped into 37 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1?

Work through the 37 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 37 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1

Common questions about reading English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1 by Donald Grant Mitchell on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1?

Yes. All 2043 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #54168 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #54168, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1 take to read?

About 170 minutes of reading across 409 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1 section by section

How to work through English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 9 chapters of English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1

Words and structures a reader meets early in English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Https
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Elizabeth
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Queen
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Georges
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Lands, Letters and Kings, Vol. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.