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English literary criticism
English literary criticism

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of English literary criticism is here in full — 387 sentences across 78 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/77 · 5 lines
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The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.
He teacheth virtue by certain abstract considerations, but I only bid you follow the footing of them that have gone before you.
Old-aged experience goeth beyond the fine- witted philosopher, but I give the experience of many ages.
Lastly, if he make the songbook, I put the learner's hand to the lute; and if he be the guide, I am the light.
Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

English literary criticism

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of English literary criticism is here in full — 387 sentences across 78 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/77 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.
Line 2
He teacheth virtue by certain abstract considerations, but I only bid you follow the footing of them that have gone before you.
Line 3
Old-aged experience goeth beyond the fine- witted philosopher, but I give the experience of many ages.
Line 4
Lastly, if he make the songbook, I put the learner's hand to the lute; and if he be the guide, I am the light.
Line 5
Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Agincourt noun US /ˈædʒənkɔːrt/

a battle in northern France in which English longbowmen under Henry V decisively defeated a much larger French army in 1415

From this reading “The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.”

allege verb US /əˈledʒ/

report or maintain

From this reading “Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?”

Aragon noun US /ˈerəɡɑːn/

French writer who generalized surrealism to literature (1897-1982)

From this reading “Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?”

Brutus noun US /ˈbruːtəs/

statesman of ancient Rome who (with Cassius) led a conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar (85-42 BC)

From this reading “Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?”

conferring verb US /kənˈfɜːrɪŋ/

inflected form of “confer” — have a conference in order to talk something over

From this reading “Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?”

Marathon noun US /ˈmerəθɑːn/

any long and arduous undertaking

From this reading “The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.”

senators noun US /ˈsenətərz/

plural of “senator” — a member of a senate

From this reading “Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?”

songbook noun US /ˈsɔːnɡbʊk/

a book containing a collection of songs

From this reading “Lastly, if he make the songbook, I put the learner's hand to the lute; and if he be the guide, I am the light.”

All words in this reading · 92

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

abstractverbUS /æbˈstrækt/

consider a concept without thinking of a specific example; consider abstractly or theoretically

From this reading He teacheth virtue by certain abstract considerations, but I only bid you follow the footing of them that have gone before you.

academynounUS /əˈkæd.ə.mi/

A place of study or training in a special field of knowledge and arts.

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

activeadjectiveUS /ˈæktɪv/

tending to become more severe or wider in scope

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

agesnounUS /ˈeɪdʒəz/

plural of “age” — how long something has existed

From this reading Old-aged experience goeth beyond the fine- witted philosopher, but I give the experience of many ages.

AgincourtnounUS /ˈædʒənkɔːrt/

a battle in northern France in which English longbowmen under Henry V decisively defeated a much larger French army in 1415

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

allegeverbUS /əˈledʒ/

report or maintain

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

Alphonsus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

amauxiliary verbUS /æm/

the form of “be” used with “I”

From this reading Lastly, if he make the songbook, I put the learner's hand to the lute; and if he be the guide, I am the light.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

AragonnounUS /ˈerəɡɑːn/

French writer who generalized surrealism to literature (1897-1982)

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

battlesnounUS /ˈbætəlz/

plural of “battle” — a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Lastly, if he make the songbook, I put the learner's hand to the lute; and if he be the guide, I am the light.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading He teacheth virtue by certain abstract considerations, but I only bid you follow the footing of them that have gone before you.

beyondprepositionUS /bɪˈɑːnd/

on the far side of; further than

From this reading Old-aged experience goeth beyond the fine- witted philosopher, but I give the experience of many ages.

bidverbUS /bɪd/

propose a payment

From this reading He teacheth virtue by certain abstract considerations, but I only bid you follow the footing of them that have gone before you.

BrutusnounUS /ˈbruːtəs/

statesman of ancient Rome who (with Cassius) led a conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar (85-42 BC)

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading He teacheth virtue by certain abstract considerations, but I only bid you follow the footing of them that have gone before you.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading He teacheth virtue by certain abstract considerations, but I only bid you follow the footing of them that have gone before you.

conferringverbUS /kənˈfɜːrɪŋ/

inflected form of “confer” — have a conference in order to talk something over

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

considerationsnounUS /kənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “consideration” — the process of giving careful thought to something

From this reading He teacheth virtue by certain abstract considerations, but I only bid you follow the footing of them that have gone before you.

creditnounUS /ˈkredət/

approval

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

dangerless

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

directedadjectiveUS /dərˈektəd/

(often used in combination) having a specified direction

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

disputativeadjective

inclined or showing an inclination to dispute or disagree, even to engage in law suits

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

examplesnounUS /ɪɡˈzæmpəlz/

plural of “example” — an item of information that is typical of a class or group

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

excellentadjectiveUS /ˈeksələnt/

very good; of the highest quality

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

experienceverbUS /ɪkˈspɪriəns/

undergo or live through a difficult experience

From this reading Old-aged experience goeth beyond the fine- witted philosopher, but I give the experience of many ages.

facenounUS /feɪs/

the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

fineadjectiveUS /faɪn/

being satisfactory or in satisfactory condition

From this reading Old-aged experience goeth beyond the fine- witted philosopher, but I give the experience of many ages.

followverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊ/

to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading He teacheth virtue by certain abstract considerations, but I only bid you follow the footing of them that have gone before you.

footingnounUS /ˈfʊtɪŋ/

status with respect to the relations between people or groups

From this reading He teacheth virtue by certain abstract considerations, but I only bid you follow the footing of them that have gone before you.

forthadverbUS /fɔːrθ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading Old-aged experience goeth beyond the fine- witted philosopher, but I give the experience of many ages.

goeth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Old-aged experience goeth beyond the fine- witted philosopher, but I give the experience of many ages.

goneadjectiveUS /ɡɔːn/

destroyed or killed

From this reading He teacheth virtue by certain abstract considerations, but I only bid you follow the footing of them that have gone before you.

guidenounUS /ɡaɪd/

someone employed to conduct others

From this reading Lastly, if he make the songbook, I put the learner's hand to the lute; and if he be the guide, I am the light.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading Lastly, if he make the songbook, I put the learner's hand to the lute; and if he be the guide, I am the light.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading He teacheth virtue by certain abstract considerations, but I only bid you follow the footing of them that have gone before you.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

honourableadjectiveUS /ˈɑːnərəbəl/

worthy of being honored; entitled to honor and respect

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Lastly, if he make the songbook, I put the learner's hand to the lute; and if he be the guide, I am the light.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

innumerableadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈnuːmərəbəl/

too numerous to be counted

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

LastlyadverbUS /ˈlæstli/

the item at the end

From this reading Lastly, if he make the songbook, I put the learner's hand to the lute; and if he be the guide, I am the light.

learner's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Lastly, if he make the songbook, I put the learner's hand to the lute; and if he be the guide, I am the light.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading Lastly, if he make the songbook, I put the learner's hand to the lute; and if he be the guide, I am the light.

lutenounUS /luːt/

a substance for packing a joint or coating a porous surface to make it impervious to gas or liquid

From this reading Lastly, if he make the songbook, I put the learner's hand to the lute; and if he be the guide, I am the light.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading Lastly, if he make the songbook, I put the learner's hand to the lute; and if he be the guide, I am the light.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Old-aged experience goeth beyond the fine- witted philosopher, but I give the experience of many ages.

MarathonnounUS /ˈmerəθɑːn/

any long and arduous undertaking

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

minepronounUS /maɪn/

the one or ones belonging to the person speaking

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

neednounUS /niːd/

a condition requiring relief

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

Old-aged

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Old-aged experience goeth beyond the fine- witted philosopher, but I give the experience of many ages.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading He teacheth virtue by certain abstract considerations, but I only bid you follow the footing of them that have gone before you.

Pharsalia

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

philosophernounUS /fəˈlɑːsəfər/

a specialist in philosophy

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

PlatonounUS /ˈpleɪtoʊ/

ancient Athenian philosopher; pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle (428-347 BC)

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

Poitiersnoun

the battle in 1356 in which the English under the Black Prince defeated the French

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

princesnounUS /ˈprɪnsəz/

plural of “prince” — a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

putverbUS /pʊt/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Lastly, if he make the songbook, I put the learner's hand to the lute; and if he be the guide, I am the light.

saith

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

senatorsnounUS /ˈsenətərz/

plural of “senator” — a member of a senate

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

showeth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

songbooknounUS /ˈsɔːnɡbʊk/

a book containing a collection of songs

From this reading Lastly, if he make the songbook, I put the learner's hand to the lute; and if he be the guide, I am the light.

storynounUS /ˈstɔːri/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

teacheth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading He teacheth virtue by certain abstract considerations, but I only bid you follow the footing of them that have gone before you.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading He teacheth virtue by certain abstract considerations, but I only bid you follow the footing of them that have gone before you.

ThenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Lastly, if he make the songbook, I put the learner's hand to the lute; and if he be the guide, I am the light.

virtuenounUS /ˈvɝː.tʃuː/

Moral excellence and goodness of character; the highest human attainment in Stoic philosophy.

From this reading The philosopher (saith he) teacheth a disputative virtue, but I do an active: his virtue is excellent in the dangerless academy of Plato, but mine showeth forth her honourable face in the battles of Marathon, Pharsalia, Poitiers, and Agincourt.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

wisestadjectiveUS /ˈwaɪzəst/

superlative of “wise” — having or prompted by wisdom or discernment

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

witted

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Old-aged experience goeth beyond the fine- witted philosopher, but I give the experience of many ages.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Then would he allege you innumerable examples, conferring story by story, how much the wisest senators and princes have been directed by the credit of history, as Brutus, Alphonsus of Aragon, and who not, if need be?

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading He teacheth virtue by certain abstract considerations, but I only bid you follow the footing of them that have gone before you.

Chapter 4 of English literary criticism by Charles Edwyn Vaughan holds 387 sentences, grouped into 78 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of English literary criticism contain?

Chapter 4 holds 387 sentences of English literary criticism, unabridged, divided into 78 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of English literary criticism by Charles Edwyn Vaughan exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 387 sentences, grouped into 78 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of English literary criticism?

Work through the 78 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 78 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading English literary criticism

Common questions about reading English literary criticism by Charles Edwyn Vaughan on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of English literary criticism?

Yes. All 3241 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #6320 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of English literary criticism is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #6320, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does English literary criticism take to read?

About 270 minutes of reading across 649 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read English literary criticism section by section

How to work through English literary criticism section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 8 chapters of English literary criticism to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in English literary criticism

Words and structures a reader meets early in English literary criticism, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

E-book
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English literary criticism; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Produced
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English literary criticism; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Constantine
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English literary criticism; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Juliet
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English literary criticism; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.