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English literary criticism
English literary criticism

Chapter VI · Chapter 6

Chapter 6 of English literary criticism is here in full — 406 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for English literary criticism
Context Illustration Reading 1/81 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.
A LOVER NEITHER DEAD NOR ALIVE.
Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!
And row her galley here again!
Fool, to that body to return Where it condemn'd and destin'd is to burn!
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

English literary criticism

Chapter VI · Chapter 6

Chapter 6 of English literary criticism is here in full — 406 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/81 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.
/ðer θɔːts ənd ɪkˈspreʃənz wɜːr səmˈtaɪmz ˈɡroʊsli əbˈsɜːrd ənd sʌtʃ æz noʊ ˈfɪɡjərz ɔːr ˈlaɪsəns kæn ˈrekənsaɪl tuː ðə ˌʌndərˈstændɪŋ/
Line 2
A LOVER NEITHER DEAD NOR ALIVE.
/ə ˈlʌvər ˈniːðər ded nɔːr əˈlaɪv/
Line 3
Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!
Line 4
And row her galley here again!
/ənd roʊ hɜːr ˈɡæli hiːr əˈɡen/
Line 5
Fool, to that body to return Where it condemn'd and destin'd is to burn!

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

cage noun US /keɪdʒ/

an enclosure made or wire or metal bars in which birds or animals can be kept

From this reading “Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!”

expressions noun US /ɪkˈspreʃənz/

plural of “expression” — the feelings expressed on a person's face

From this reading “Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.”

freed verb US /friːd/

past form of “free” — grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading “Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!”

galley noun US /ˈɡæli/

a large medieval vessel with a single deck propelled by sails and oars with guns at stern and prow; a complement of 1,000 men; used mainly in the Mediterranean for war and trading

From this reading “And row her galley here again!”

grossly adverb US /ˈɡroʊsli/

in a gross manner

From this reading “Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.”

licence noun US /ˈlaɪsəns/

excessive freedom; lack of due restraint

From this reading “Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.”

reconcile verb US /ˈrekənsaɪl/

make (one thing) compatible with

From this reading “Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.”

resume verb US /rɪˈzuːm/

take up or begin anew

From this reading “Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!”

All words in this reading · 69

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A LOVER NEITHER DEAD NOR ALIVE.

absurdadjectiveUS /əbˈsɜːrd/

inconsistent with reason or logic or common sense

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

Ah

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

ALIVEadjectiveUS /əˈlaɪv/

possessing life

From this reading A LOVER NEITHER DEAD NOR ALIVE.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading Fool, to that body to return Where it condemn'd and destin'd is to burn!

brokenadjectiveUS /ˈbroʊkən/

physically and forcibly separated into pieces or cracked or split

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

burnverbUS /bɜːrn/

To consume or be consumed by fire.

From this reading Fool, to that body to return Where it condemn'd and destin'd is to burn!

cagenounUS /keɪdʒ/

an enclosure made or wire or metal bars in which birds or animals can be kept

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

chainnounUS /tʃeɪn/

a series of things depending on each other as if linked together

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

coldadjectiveUS /koʊld/

having a low or inadequate temperature or feeling a sensation of coldness or having been made cold by e.g. ice or refrigeration

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

condemn'd

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Fool, to that body to return Where it condemn'd and destin'd is to burn!

DEADadjectiveUS /ded/

no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life

From this reading A LOVER NEITHER DEAD NOR ALIVE.

destin'd

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Fool, to that body to return Where it condemn'd and destin'd is to burn!

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

earthnounUS /ɜːrθ/

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

expressionsnounUS /ɪkˈspreʃənz/

plural of “expression” — the feelings expressed on a person's face

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

figuresnounUS /ˈfɪɡjərz/

plural of “figure” — a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

fledverbUS /fled/

inflected form of “flee” — run away quickly

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

flyverbUS /flaɪ/

travel through the air; be airborne

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

FoolnounUS /fuːl/

a person who lacks good judgment

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

freedverbUS /friːd/

past form of “free” — grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

galleynounUS /ˈɡæli/

a large medieval vessel with a single deck propelled by sails and oars with guns at stern and prow; a complement of 1,000 men; used mainly in the Mediterranean for war and trading

From this reading And row her galley here again!

grosslyadverbUS /ˈɡroʊsli/

in a gross manner

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading And row her galley here again!

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Fool, to that body to return Where it condemn'd and destin'd is to burn!

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

laidadjectiveUS /leɪd/

set down according to a plan

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

licencenounUS /ˈlaɪsəns/

excessive freedom; lack of due restraint

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

LOVERnounUS /ˈlʌvər/

a person who loves someone or is loved by someone

From this reading A LOVER NEITHER DEAD NOR ALIVE.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

NEITHERdeterminerUS /ˈniːðər/

not one and not the other of two

From this reading A LOVER NEITHER DEAD NOR ALIVE.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

NORconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading A LOVER NEITHER DEAD NOR ALIVE.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

reconcileverbUS /ˈrekənsaɪl/

make (one thing) compatible with

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

resumeverbUS /rɪˈzuːm/

take up or begin anew

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

returnverbUS /rɪˈtɜːrn/

go or come back to place, condition, or activity where one has been before

From this reading Fool, to that body to return Where it condemn'd and destin'd is to burn!

rownounUS /roʊ/

an arrangement of objects or people side by side in a line

From this reading And row her galley here again!

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

sometimesadverbUS /səmˈtaɪmz/

on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

somewhereadverbUS /ˈsʌmwer/

in or at or to some place

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

sottishadjective

given to or marked by the consumption of alcohol

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

soulnounUS /soʊl/

the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual life

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

strangeadjectiveUS /streɪndʒ/

being definitely out of the ordinary and unexpected; slightly odd or even a bit weird

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Fool, to that body to return Where it condemn'd and destin'd is to burn!

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

TheirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

ThenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

thoughtsnounUS /θɔːts/

plural of “thought” — the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

understandingnounUS /ˌʌndərˈstændɪŋ/

the cognitive condition of someone who understands

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Their thoughts and expressions were sometimes grossly absurd, and such as no figures or licence can reconcile to the understanding.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

WhereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading Fool, to that body to return Where it condemn'd and destin'd is to burn!

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading Then down I laid my head, Down on cold earth; and for a while was dead, And my freed soul to a strange somewhere fled: Ah, sottish soul, said I, When back to its cage again I saw it fly: Fool to resume her broken chain!

Chapter 6 of English literary criticism by Charles Edwyn Vaughan holds 406 sentences, grouped into 82 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 6 of English literary criticism contain?

Chapter 6 holds 406 sentences of English literary criticism, unabridged, divided into 82 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 6 of English literary criticism by Charles Edwyn Vaughan exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 406 sentences, grouped into 82 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 6 of English literary criticism?

Work through the 82 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 82 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 6 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 6 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading English literary criticism

Common questions about reading English literary criticism by Charles Edwyn Vaughan on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of English literary criticism?

Yes. All 3240 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #6320 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of English literary criticism is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #6320, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does English literary criticism take to read?

About 270 minutes of reading across 648 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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  1. Open a chapter

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Vocabulary met early in English literary criticism

Words and structures a reader meets early in English literary criticism, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

E-book
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English literary criticism; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Produced
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English literary criticism; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Constantine
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English literary criticism; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Juliet
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English literary criticism; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.