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English Literature for Boys and Girls
English Literature for Boys and Girls

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of English Literature for Boys and Girls is here in full — 237 sentences across 48 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/47 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.
So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.
The Cymry, however, do not claim such great age for their first known poets as do the Gaels.
Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.
As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

English Literature for Boys and Girls

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of English Literature for Boys and Girls is here in full — 237 sentences across 48 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/47 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.
Line 2
So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.
Line 3
The Cymry, however, do not claim such great age for their first known poets as do the Gaels.
Line 4
Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.
Line 5
As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.
/æz ˌhaʊˈevər ðə ˈoʊldəst weltʃ ˈmænjəskrɪpts ɑːr ʌv ðə twelfθ ˈsentʃəri ɪt ɪz əˈɡen ˈveri ˈdɪfəkəlt tuː pruːv ðæt ˈeni ʌv ðə ˈpoʊəmz wɜːr ˈrɪli ˈrɪtən baɪ ðoʊz oʊld ˈpoʊəts/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Celtic adjective US /ˈseltɪk/

relating to or characteristic of the Celts

From this reading “YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.”

Gaelic adjective US /ˈɡeɪlɪk/

relating to or characteristic of the Celts

From this reading “YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.”

historians noun US /hɪˈstɔːriənz/

plural of “historian” — a person who is an authority on history and who studies it and writes about it

From this reading “So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.”

manuscripts noun US /ˈmænjəskrɪpts/

plural of “manuscript” — the form of a literary work submitted for publication

From this reading “As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.”

oldest adjective US /ˈoʊldəst/

superlative of “old” — (used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading “Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.”

sixth adjective US /sɪksθ/

coming next after the fifth and just before the seventh in position

From this reading “Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.”

twelfth adjective US /twelfθ/

coming next after the eleventh and just before the thirteenth in position

From this reading “As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.”

Welsh noun US /weltʃ/

a native or resident of Wales

From this reading “As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading The Cymry, however, do not claim such great age for their first known poets as do the Gaels.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The Cymry, however, do not claim such great age for their first known poets as do the Gaels.

branchesnounUS /ˈbræntʃəz/

plural of “branch” — a division of some larger or more complex organization

From this reading YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

CelticadjectiveUS /ˈseltɪk/

relating to or characteristic of the Celts

From this reading YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.

claimnounUS /kleɪm/

an assertion of a right (as to money or property)

From this reading The Cymry, however, do not claim such great age for their first known poets as do the Gaels.

Cymricnoun

a Celtic language of Wales

From this reading YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.

Cymrynoun

a native or resident of Wales

From this reading So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.

difficultadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfəkəlt/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

dividedadjectiveUS /dɪˈvaɪdɪd/

separated into parts or pieces

From this reading YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading The Cymry, however, do not claim such great age for their first known poets as do the Gaels.

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading The Cymry, however, do not claim such great age for their first known poets as do the Gaels.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The Cymry, however, do not claim such great age for their first known poets as do the Gaels.

GaelicadjectiveUS /ˈɡeɪlɪk/

relating to or characteristic of the Celts

From this reading YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.

Gaels

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The Cymry, however, do not claim such great age for their first known poets as do the Gaels.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.

historiansnounUS /hɪˈstɔːriənz/

plural of “historian” — a person who is an authority on history and who studies it and writes about it

From this reading So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading The Cymry, however, do not claim such great age for their first known poets as do the Gaels.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading The Cymry, however, do not claim such great age for their first known poets as do the Gaels.

liveverbUS /laɪv/

be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.

manuscriptsnounUS /ˈmænjəskrɪpts/

plural of “manuscript” — the form of a literary work submitted for publication

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

namesnounUS /neɪmz/

verbal abuse; a crude substitute for argument

From this reading Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The Cymry, however, do not claim such great age for their first known poets as do the Gaels.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

oldestadjectiveUS /ˈoʊldəst/

superlative of “old” — (used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.

Ossian

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.

poemsnounUS /ˈpoʊəmz/

plural of “poem” — a composition written in metrical feet forming rhythmical lines

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

poetsnounUS /ˈpoʊəts/

plural of “poet” — a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry)

From this reading So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.

proveverbUS /pruːv/

be shown or be found to be

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

reallyadverbUS /ˈrɪli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

rememberverbUS /rɪˈmɛm.bər/

To recall to mind.

From this reading YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.

sixthadjectiveUS /sɪksθ/

coming next after the fifth and just before the seventh in position

From this reading Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.

SoconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.

spokenadjectiveUS /ˈspoʊkən/

uttered through the medium of speech or characterized by speech; sometimes used in combination

From this reading So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading The Cymry, however, do not claim such great age for their first known poets as do the Gaels.

supposedadjectiveUS /səˈpoʊzd/

required or under orders

From this reading Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.

thirdnounUS /θɜːrd/

one of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.

twelfthadjectiveUS /twelfθ/

coming next after the eleventh and just before the thirteenth in position

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading So far we have only spoken about the Gaels, but the Cymry had their poets and historians too.

WelshnounUS /weltʃ/

a native or resident of Wales

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading Ossian, you remember, was supposed to live in the third century, but the oldest Cymric poets whose names we know were supposed to live in the sixth century.

writtenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtən/

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading As, however, the oldest Welsh manuscripts are of the twelfth century, it is again very difficult to prove that any of the poems were really written by those old poets.

YOUpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading YOU remember that the Celtic family was divided into two branches, the Gaelic and the Cymric.

Chapter 3 of English Literature for Boys and Girls by H. E. (Henrietta Elizabeth) Marshall holds 237 sentences, grouped into 48 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of English Literature for Boys and Girls contain?

Chapter 3 holds 237 sentences of English Literature for Boys and Girls, unabridged, divided into 48 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of English Literature for Boys and Girls by H. E. (Henrietta Elizabeth) Marshall exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 237 sentences, grouped into 48 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of English Literature for Boys and Girls?

Work through the 48 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 48 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading English Literature for Boys and Girls

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Is this the complete text of English Literature for Boys and Girls?

Yes. All 10405 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #5725 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of English Literature for Boys and Girls is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #5725, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 600 minutes of reading across 2081 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in English Literature for Boys and Girls

Words and structures a reader meets early in English Literature for Boys and Girls, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Earliest
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Literature for Boys and Girls; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Literature
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Literature for Boys and Girls; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
History
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Literature for Boys and Girls; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Poetry
A word that appears in the opening chapter of English Literature for Boys and Girls; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.