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English Men of Letters: Crabbe
English Men of Letters: Crabbe

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of English Men of Letters: Crabbe is here in full — 164 sentences across 33 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/32 · 5 lines
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POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.
In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".
Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.
As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.
These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

English Men of Letters: Crabbe

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of English Men of Letters: Crabbe is here in full — 164 sentences across 33 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/32 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.
Line 2
In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".
Line 3
Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.
Line 4
As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.
Line 5
These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Burrow noun US /ˈbɜːroʊ/

a hole made by an animal, usually for shelter

From this reading “As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.”

completing adjective US /kəmˈpliːtɪŋ/

acting as or providing a complement (something that completes the whole)

From this reading “Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.”

correcting verb US /kərˈektɪŋ/

-ing form of “correct” — make right or correct

From this reading “Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.”

diversified adjective US /daɪˈvɜːrsəfaɪd/

having variety of character or form or components; or having increased variety

From this reading “These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.”

dramas noun US /ˈdrɑːməz/

plural of “drama” — a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading “Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.”

hairdresser noun US /ˈherdresər/

someone who cuts or beautifies hair

From this reading “In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".”

mathematicians noun US /ˌmæθəməˈtɪʃənz/

plural of “mathematician” — a person skilled in mathematics

From this reading “As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.”

Reuben noun US /ˈruːbən/

(Old Testment) a son of Jacob and forefather of one of the tribes of Israel

From this reading “As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.”

All words in this reading · 120

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1780

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

1781

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

acquaintancesnounUS /əˈkweɪntənsɪz/

plural of “acquaintance” — personal knowledge or information about someone or something

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

Bonnycastle

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

Burcham

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

BurrownounUS /ˈbɜːroʊ/

a hole made by an animal, usually for shelter

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

campaignnounUS /kæmˈpeɪn/

a race between candidates for elective office

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

carriedverbUS /ˈkærid/

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

closeadjectiveUS /kloʊs/

at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

clubnounUS /klʌb/

a team of professional baseball players who play and travel together

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

coffee-house

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

completingadjectiveUS /kəmˈpliːtɪŋ/

acting as or providing a complement (something that completes the whole)

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

compositionnounUS /ˌkɑːmpəˈzɪʃən/

the spatial property resulting from the arrangement of parts in relation to each other and to the whole

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

congenialadjectiveUS /kənˈdʒiːnjəl/

suitable to your needs

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

Cornhill

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

correctingverbUS /kərˈektɪŋ/

-ing form of “correct” — make right or correct

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.

coursenounUS /kɔːrs/

education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

Crabbe

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

diversifiedadjectiveUS /daɪˈvɜːrsəfaɪd/

having variety of character or form or components; or having increased variety

From this reading These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.

doubtnounUS /daʊt/

the state of being unsure of something

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

dramasnounUS /ˈdrɑːməz/

plural of “drama” — a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.

Elmy's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

essaysnounUS /eˈseɪz/

plural of “essay” — an analytic or interpretive literary composition

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

ExchangenounUS /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/

chemical process in which one atom or ion or group changes places with another

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

excursionsnounUS /ɪkˈskɜːrʒənz/

plural of “excursion” — a journey taken for pleasure

From this reading These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.

fashionableadjectiveUS /ˈfæʃənəbəl/

being or in accordance with current social fashions

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

fillverbUS /fɪl/

make full, also in a metaphorical sense

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

friendnounUS /frend/

a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

friendlyadjectiveUS /ˈfrendli/

characteristic of or befitting a friend

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

hairdressernounUS /ˈherdresər/

someone who cuts or beautifies hair

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

HoracenounUS /ˈhɔːrəs/

Roman lyric poet said to have influenced English poetry (65-8 BC)

From this reading These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

importantadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt/

of great significance or value

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

improvingadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpruːvɪŋ/

getting higher or more vigorous

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

INprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

includedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkluːdəd/

enclosed in the same envelope or package

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

insectsnounUS /ˈɪnsekts/

plural of “insect” — small air-breathing arthropod

From this reading These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.

introductionnounUS /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/

the act of beginning something new

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

linen-draper

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

literaryadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəreri/

of or relating to or characteristic of literature

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

lodgingsnounUS /ˈlɑːdʒɪŋz/

temporary living quarters

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

LONDONnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

marriedadjectiveUS /ˈmerid/

joined in matrimony

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

mathematiciansnounUS /ˌmæθəməˈtɪʃənz/

plural of “mathematician” — a person skilled in mathematics

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

metverbUS /met/

inflected form of “meet” — come together

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

MissverbUS /mɪs/

fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

MrsnounUS /ˈmɪsɪz/

a form of address for a married woman

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

nearadverbUS /nɪr/

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

neighbouringverbUS /ˈneɪbərɪŋ/

-ing form of “neighbour” — live or be located as a neighbor

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

Ovidnoun

Roman poet remembered for his elegiac verses on love (43 BC - AD 17)

From this reading These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

personsnounUS /ˈpɜːrsənz/

plural of “person” — a human being

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

plantsnounUS /plænts/

plural of “plant” — buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.

positionsnounUS /pəˈzɪʃənz/

plural of “position” — the particular portion of space occupied by something

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

POVERTYnounUS /ˈpɑːvərti/

the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

practicenounUS /ˈpræktəs/

a customary way of operation or behavior

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

preparationsnounUS /ˌprepərˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “preparation” — the activity of putting or setting in order in advance of some act or purpose

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

prosenounUS /proʊz/

ordinary writing as distinguished from verse

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

providedverbUS /prəˈvaɪdɪd/

past form of “provide” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

readverbUS /red/

interpret something that is written or printed

From this reading These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.

recreations

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.

reputenounUS /riˈpjuːt/

the state of being held in high esteem and honor

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

ReubennounUS /ˈruːbən/

(Old Testment) a son of Jacob and forefather of one of the tribes of Israel

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

rosenounUS /roʊz/

any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

RoyaladjectiveUS /ˈrɔɪəl/

of or relating to or indicative of or issued or performed by a king or queen or other monarch

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

searchedverbUS /sɜːrtʃt/

past form of “search” — try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of

From this reading These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

studynounUS /ˈstʌdi/

a detailed critical inspection

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

suggestionnounUS /səˈdʒestʃən/

an idea that is suggested

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

tie-wig

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

varietynounUS /vərˈaɪəti/

a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

versenounUS /vɜːrs/

literature in metrical form

From this reading Crabbe at once began preparations for his literary campaign, by correcting such verse as he had brought with him, completing "two dramas and a variety of prose essays," and generally improving himself by a course of study and practice in composition.

Vickery

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading In order to be near these friendly persons he took lodgings, close to the Royal Exchange, in the house of a hairdresser, a Mr. Vickery, at whose suggestion, no doubt, he provided himself with "a fashionable tie-wig".

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading POVERTY IN LONDON (1780-1781) Crabbe had no acquaintances of his own in London, and the only introduction he carried with him was to an old friend of Miss Elmy's, a Mrs. Burcham, married to a linen-draper in Cornhill.

Woodbridge

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As in the old Woodbridge days, he made some congenial acquaintances at a little club that met at a neighbouring coffee-house, which included a Mr. Bonnycastle and a Mr. Reuben Burrow, both mathematicians of repute, who rose to fill important positions in their day.

woodsnounUS /wʊdz/

the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area

From this reading These recreations he diversified with country excursions, during which he read Horace and Ovid, or searched the woods around London for plants and insects.

Chapter 2 of English Men of Letters: Crabbe by Alfred Ainger holds 164 sentences, grouped into 33 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of English Men of Letters: Crabbe contain?

Chapter 2 holds 164 sentences of English Men of Letters: Crabbe, unabridged, divided into 33 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of English Men of Letters: Crabbe by Alfred Ainger exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 164 sentences, grouped into 33 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of English Men of Letters: Crabbe?

Work through the 33 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 33 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading English Men of Letters: Crabbe

Common questions about reading English Men of Letters: Crabbe by Alfred Ainger on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of English Men of Letters: Crabbe?

Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of English Men of Letters: Crabbe is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does English Men of Letters: Crabbe take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through English Men of Letters: Crabbe section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in English Men of Letters: Crabbe

Words and structures a reader meets early in English Men of Letters: Crabbe, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of English Men of Letters: Crabbe, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
One of the 0 chapters of English Men of Letters: Crabbe, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 3
One of the 0 chapters of English Men of Letters: Crabbe, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.