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English Men of Letters: Crabbe
English Men of Letters: Crabbe

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of English Men of Letters: Crabbe is here in full — 188 sentences across 38 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for English Men of Letters: Crabbe
Context Illustration Reading 1/37 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
_THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.
_The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.
That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.
It proved, on appearance, to be of portentous length--at least ten thousand lines.
Its versification included every degree of finish of which Crabbe was capable, from his very best to his very worst.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

English Men of Letters: Crabbe

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of English Men of Letters: Crabbe is here in full — 188 sentences across 38 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/37 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
_THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.
Line 2
_The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.
Line 3
That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.
/ðæt ðə ˈpoʊəm ʃʊd hæv bɪn ɪn ðə ˈmeɪkɪŋ ˈdʊrɪŋ æt liːst eɪt jɪrz ɪz kwaɪt wʌt maɪt biː ˌɪnˈfɜːrd frʌm ðə ˈfɪnɪʃt wɜːrk/
Line 4
It proved, on appearance, to be of portentous length--at least ten thousand lines.
Line 5
Its versification included every degree of finish of which Crabbe was capable, from his very best to his very worst.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

borough noun US /ˈbɜːroʊ/

one of the administrative divisions of a large city

completed adjective US /kəmˈpliːtəd/

successfully completed or brought to an end

From this reading “_The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.”

encouraged adjective US /enˈkɜːrɪdʒd/

inspired with confidence

From this reading “_THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.”

included adjective US /ˌɪnˈkluːdəd/

enclosed in the same envelope or package

From this reading “Its versification included every degree of finish of which Crabbe was capable, from his very best to his very worst.”

inferred verb US /ˌɪnˈfɜːrd/

inflected form of “infer” — reason by deduction; establish by deduction

From this reading “That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.”

Parish noun US /ˈpærɪʃ/

a local church community

From this reading “_THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.”

portentous adjective US /pɔːrˈtentəs/

of momentous or ominous significance

From this reading “It proved, on appearance, to be of portentous length--at least ten thousand lines.”

Register verb US /ˈredʒɪstər/

record in writing; enter into a book of names or events or transactions

All words in this reading · 82

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1801

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

1805

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

1807

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

1809

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

1812

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

Aldeburgh

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

appearancenounUS /əˈpɪrəns/

outward or visible aspect of a person or thing

From this reading It proved, on appearance, to be of portentous length--at least ten thousand lines.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

autumnnounUS /ˈɔːtəm/

the season when the leaves fall from the trees

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

begunverbUS /bɪˈɡʌn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading Its versification included every degree of finish of which Crabbe was capable, from his very best to his very worst.

BOROUGHnounUS /ˈbɜːroʊ/

one of the administrative divisions of a large city

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

capableadjectiveUS /ˈkeɪpəbəl/

(usually followed by “of”) having capacity or ability

From this reading Its versification included every degree of finish of which Crabbe was capable, from his very best to his very worst.

completedadjectiveUS /kəmˈpliːtəd/

successfully completed or brought to an end

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

continuedadjectiveUS /kənˈtɪnjuːd/

without stop or interruption

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

Crabbe

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

degreenounUS /dɪˈɡriː/

a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading Its versification included every degree of finish of which Crabbe was capable, from his very best to his very worst.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

eightadjectiveUS /eɪt/

being one more than seven

From this reading That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.

encouragedadjectiveUS /enˈkɜːrɪdʒd/

inspired with confidence

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Its versification included every degree of finish of which Crabbe was capable, from his very best to his very worst.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

finallyadverbUS /ˈfaɪnəli/

after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

finishverbUS /ˈfɪnɪʃ/

come or bring to a finish or an end

From this reading Its versification included every degree of finish of which Crabbe was capable, from his very best to his very worst.

finishedadjectiveUS /ˈfɪnɪʃt/

(of materials or goods) brought to the desired final state

From this reading That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Its versification included every degree of finish of which Crabbe was capable, from his very best to his very worst.

immediateadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈmiːdiːət/

of the present time and place

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

includedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkluːdəd/

enclosed in the same envelope or package

From this reading Its versification included every degree of finish of which Crabbe was capable, from his very best to his very worst.

inferredverbUS /ˌɪnˈfɜːrd/

inflected form of “infer” — reason by deduction; establish by deduction

From this reading That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It proved, on appearance, to be of portentous length--at least ten thousand lines.

ItsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Its versification included every degree of finish of which Crabbe was capable, from his very best to his very worst.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.

lengthnounUS /leŋkθ/

the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place

From this reading It proved, on appearance, to be of portentous length--at least ten thousand lines.

linesnounUS /laɪnz/

plural of “line” — a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading It proved, on appearance, to be of portentous length--at least ten thousand lines.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

longeradverbUS /ˈlɔːŋɡər/

for more time

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

makingnounUS /ˈmeɪkɪŋ/

the act that results in something coming to be

From this reading That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.

Muston

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading It proved, on appearance, to be of portentous length--at least ten thousand lines.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

ParishnounUS /ˈpærɪʃ/

a local church community

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

poemnounUS /ˈpoʊəm/

a composition written in metrical feet forming rhythmical lines

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

portentousadjectiveUS /pɔːrˈtentəs/

of momentous or ominous significance

From this reading It proved, on appearance, to be of portentous length--at least ten thousand lines.

proceedverbUS /prəˈsiːd/

continue talking

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

provedadjectiveUS /pruːvd/

established beyond doubt

From this reading It proved, on appearance, to be of portentous length--at least ten thousand lines.

quiteadverbUS /kwaɪt/

to a degree (not used with a negative)

From this reading That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.

RegisterverbUS /ˈredʒɪstər/

record in writing; enter into a book of names or events or transactions

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

Rendham

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

returnverbUS /rɪˈtɜːrn/

go or come back to place, condition, or activity where one has been before

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

successnounUS /səkˈses/

an event that accomplishes its intended purpose

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

Suffolk

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

tennounUS /ten/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system

From this reading It proved, on appearance, to be of portentous length--at least ten thousand lines.

ThatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

thitheradverbUS /ˈðɪθɜːr/

an old word meaning “to that place”

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

thousandnounUS /ˈθaʊzənd/

the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading It proved, on appearance, to be of portentous length--at least ten thousand lines.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

versificationnoun

a metrical adaptation of something (e.g., of a prose text)

From this reading Its versification included every degree of finish of which Crabbe was capable, from his very best to his very worst.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Its versification included every degree of finish of which Crabbe was capable, from his very best to his very worst.

visitverbUS /ˈvɪzɪt/

go to see a place, as for entertainment

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading _The Borough_ was begun at Rendham in Suffolk in 1801, continued at Muston after the return thither in 1805, and finally completed during a long visit to Aldeburgh in the autumn of 1809.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading That the Poem should have been "in the making" during at least eight years is quite what might be inferred from the finished work.

worstnounUS /wɜːrst/

the least favorable outcome

From this reading Its versification included every degree of finish of which Crabbe was capable, from his very best to his very worst.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading _THE BOROUGH_ (1809-1812) The immediate success of _The Parish Register_ in 1807 encouraged Crabbe to proceed at once with a far longer poem, which had been some years in hand.

Chapter 7 of English Men of Letters: Crabbe by Alfred Ainger holds 188 sentences, grouped into 38 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of English Men of Letters: Crabbe contain?

Chapter 7 holds 188 sentences of English Men of Letters: Crabbe, unabridged, divided into 38 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of English Men of Letters: Crabbe by Alfred Ainger exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 188 sentences, grouped into 38 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of English Men of Letters: Crabbe?

Work through the 38 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 38 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Vocabulary met early in English Men of Letters: Crabbe

Words and structures a reader meets early in English Men of Letters: Crabbe, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of English Men of Letters: Crabbe, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
One of the 0 chapters of English Men of Letters: Crabbe, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.