Learn English through classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
Essays and Lectures
Essays and Lectures

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Essays and Lectures is here in full — 111 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Essays and Lectures
Context Illustration Reading 1/22 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
_First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.
_The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.
It belongs to Wilde’s Oxford days when he was the unsuccessful competitor for the Chancellor’s English Essay Prize.
Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.
Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Essays and Lectures

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Essays and Lectures is here in full — 111 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/22 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
_First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.
Line 2
_The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.
Line 3
It belongs to Wilde’s Oxford days when he was the unsuccessful competitor for the Chancellor’s English Essay Prize.
/ɪt bɪˈlɔːŋz tuː waɪldz ˈɑːksfərd deɪz wen hiː wɑːz ðə ˌʌnsəkˈsesfəl kəmˈpetətər fɔːr ðə ˈtʃænsələrz ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ eˈseɪ praɪz/
Line 4
Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.
Line 5
Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Chancellor's noun US /ˈtʃænsələrz/

possessive form of “chancellor” — the British cabinet minister responsible for finance

Handmade adjective US /ˈhændˈmeɪd/

made by hand or a hand process

From this reading “_First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.”

nurturing verb US /ˈnɜːrtʃərɪŋ/

-ing form of “nurture” — help develop, help grow

From this reading “Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.”

parsley noun US /ˈpɑːrsli/

annual or perennial herb with aromatic leaves

From this reading “Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.”

reprinting noun US /riˈprɪntɪŋ/

a publication (such as a book) that is reprinted without changes or editing and offered again for sale

From this reading “_First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.”

Ruskin noun US /ˈrʌskɪn/

British art critic (1819-1900)

From this reading “_The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.”

untrustworthy adjective US /ənˈtrʌstwɜːrði/

not worthy of trust or belief

From this reading “Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.”

Wilde's noun US /waɪldz/

possessive form of “wilde” — Irish writer and wit (1854-1900)

All words in this reading · 133

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1908

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

1909

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

1911

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

1913

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

8

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

academicadjectiveUS /ˌækəˈdemɪk/

associated with academia or an academy

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

admirersnounUS /ədˈmaɪrərz/

plural of “admirer” — a person who backs a politician or a team etc.

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

anythingpronounUS /ˈeniθɪŋ/

any thing at all

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

authornounUS /ˈɔːθər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

belongsverbUS /bɪˈlɔːŋz/

third-person singular of “belong” — be owned by; be in the possession of

From this reading It belongs to Wilde’s Oxford days when he was the unsuccessful competitor for the Chancellor’s English Essay Prize.

BooknounUS /bʊk/

a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

borné

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

Chancellor'snounUS /ˈtʃænsələrz/

possessive form of “chancellor” — the British cabinet minister responsible for finance

From this reading It belongs to Wilde’s Oxford days when he was the unsuccessful competitor for the Chancellor’s English Essay Prize.

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

competitornounUS /kəmˈpetətər/

the contestant you hope to defeat

From this reading It belongs to Wilde’s Oxford days when he was the unsuccessful competitor for the Chancellor’s English Essay Prize.

containverbUS /kənˈteɪn/

include or contain; have as a component

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

contemplatedverbUS /ˈkɑːntəmpleɪtɪd/

past form of “contemplate” — look at thoughtfully; observe deep in thought

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

contemporaryadjectiveUS /kənˈtempəreri/

characteristic of the present

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

CriticismnounUS /ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm/

disapproval expressed by pointing out faults or shortcomings

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

crownedadjectiveUS /kraʊnd/

having an (artificial) crown on a tooth

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading It belongs to Wilde’s Oxford days when he was the unsuccessful competitor for the Chancellor’s English Essay Prize.

developmentnounUS /dɪˈveləpmənt/

act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

distinguishingverbUS /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃɪŋ/

-ing form of “distinguish” — mark as different

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

doesauxiliary verbUS /dʌz/

the form of “do” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

EditionnounUS /əˈdɪʃən/

the form in which a text (especially a printed book) is published

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading It belongs to Wilde’s Oxford days when he was the unsuccessful competitor for the Chancellor’s English Essay Prize.

escapedadjectiveUS /ɪˈskeɪpt/

having escaped, especially from confinement

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

EssaynounUS /eˈseɪ/

an analytic or interpretive literary composition

From this reading It belongs to Wilde’s Oxford days when he was the unsuccessful competitor for the Chancellor’s English Essay Prize.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

exceptionnounUS /ɪkˈsepʃən/

a deliberate act of omission

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

existverbUS /ɪɡˈzɪst/

have an existence, be extant

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

F'cap

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

felicitated

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

FirstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading It belongs to Wilde’s Oxford days when he was the unsuccessful competitor for the Chancellor’s English Essay Prize.

forgivenverbUS /fərˈɡɪvən/

inflected form of “forgive” — stop blaming or grant forgiveness

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

FormnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

FourthnounUS /fɔːrθ/

following the third position; number four in a countable series

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

furtheradverbUS /ˈfɜːrðər/

to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (“further” is used more often than “farther” in this abstract sense)

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

giftedadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪftəd/

endowed with talent or talents

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

HandmadeadjectiveUS /ˈhændˈmeɪd/

made by hand or a hand process

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading It belongs to Wilde’s Oxford days when he was the unsuccessful competitor for the Chancellor’s English Essay Prize.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

herselfpronounUS /hərˈself/

used when the woman or girl doing the action is also its object

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

highlyadverbUS /ˈhaɪli/

to a high degree or extent; favorably or with much respect

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

HistoricaladjectiveUS /hɪˈstɔːrɪkəl/

of or relating to the study of history

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

honournounUS /ˈɑːnər/

the state of being honored

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

includedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkluːdəd/

enclosed in the same envelope or package

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

intellectualadjectiveUS /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuːəl/

of or associated with or requiring the use of the mind

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

interestingadjectiveUS /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/

arousing or holding the attention

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

intolerableadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtɑːlərəbəl/

incapable of being tolerated or endured

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

JapanesenounUS /ˌdʒæpəˈniːz/

a native or inhabitant of Japan

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

lateadjectiveUS /leɪt/

being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

lecturesnounUS /ˈlektʃərz/

plural of “lecture” — a speech that is open to the public

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

LimitedadjectiveUS /ˈlɪmətəd/

small in range or scope

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

MagdalennounUS /ˈmæɡdələn/

a reformed prostitute

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

manuscriptnounUS /ˈmæn.jə.skrɪpt/

A book, document, or piece of music written by hand rather than typed or printed.

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

newspapersnounUS /ˈnuːzpeɪpərz/

plural of “newspaper” — a daily or weekly publication on folded sheets; contains news and articles and advertisements

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

nurturingverbUS /ˈnɜːrtʃərɪŋ/

-ing form of “nurture” — help develop, help grow

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

OxfordnounUS /ˈɑːksfərd/

a city in southern England to the northwest of London; site of Oxford University

From this reading It belongs to Wilde’s Oxford days when he was the unsuccessful competitor for the Chancellor’s English Essay Prize.

paltryadjectiveUS /ˈpɔːltri/

not worth considering

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

PapernounUS /ˈpeɪpər/

a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood or rags or certain grasses

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

parsleynounUS /ˈpɑːrsli/

annual or perennial herb with aromatic leaves

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

PerhapsadverbUS /pərˈhæps/

by chance

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

PoemsnounUS /ˈpoʊəmz/

plural of “poem” — a composition written in metrical feet forming rhythmical lines

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

possibleadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːsəbəl/

capable of happening or existing

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

PrizenounUS /praɪz/

something given for victory or superiority in a contest or competition or for winning a lottery

From this reading It belongs to Wilde’s Oxford days when he was the unsuccessful competitor for the Chancellor’s English Essay Prize.

ProsenounUS /proʊz/

ordinary writing as distinguished from verse

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

PublishedadjectiveUS /ˈpʌblɪʃt/

prepared and printed for distribution and sale

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

rangenounUS /reɪndʒ/

an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: "the range of a supersonic jet"

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

RavennanounUS /rəˈvenə/

a battle between the French and an alliance of Spaniards and Swiss and Venetians in 1512

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

reportsnounUS /rɪˈpɔːrts/

plural of “report” — a written document describing the findings of some individual or group

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

reprintingnounUS /riˈprɪntɪŋ/

a publication (such as a book) that is reprinted without changes or editing and offered again for sale

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

RiseverbUS /raɪz/

move upward

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

RuskinnounUS /ˈrʌskɪn/

British art critic (1819-1900)

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

SecondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

seeingnounUS /ˈsiːɪŋ/

perception by means of the eyes

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

showsnounUS /ʃoʊz/

plural of “show” — the act of publicly exhibiting or entertaining

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

stylenounUS /staɪl/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

sufferedverbUS /ˈsʌfərd/

past form of “suffer” — undergo or be subjected to

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Perhaps Magdalen, which has never forgiven herself for nurturing the author of _Ravenna_, may be felicitated on having escaped the further intolerable honour that she might have suffered by seeing crowned again with paltry academic parsley the most highly gifted of all her children in the last century.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

ThirdnounUS /θɜːrd/

one of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

unsuccessfuladjectiveUS /ˌʌnsəkˈsesfəl/

not successful; having failed or having an unfavorable outcome

From this reading It belongs to Wilde’s Oxford days when he was the unsuccessful competitor for the Chancellor’s English Essay Prize.

untrustworthyadjectiveUS /ənˈtrʌstwɜːrði/

not worthy of trust or belief

From this reading Of the lectures, I have only included those which exist, so far as I know, in manuscript; the reports of others in contemporary newspapers being untrustworthy.

Vellumnoun

a heavy creamy-colored paper resembling parchment

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

VictorianadjectiveUS /vɪkˈtɔːriən/

of or relating to Queen Victoria of Great Britain or to the age in which she ruled

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

vo

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

volumenounUS /ˈvɑːljuːm/

the amount of 3-dimensional space occupied by an object

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It belongs to Wilde’s Oxford days when he was the unsuccessful competitor for the Chancellor’s English Essay Prize.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading It belongs to Wilde’s Oxford days when he was the unsuccessful competitor for the Chancellor’s English Essay Prize.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

wideadjectiveUS /waɪd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

Wilde'snounUS /waɪldz/

possessive form of “wilde” — Irish writer and wit (1854-1900)

From this reading It belongs to Wilde’s Oxford days when he was the unsuccessful competitor for the Chancellor’s English Essay Prize.

WITHprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading _First Published in Book Form_ (_Limited Edition on _1908_ Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum_) _Second Edition_ (_F’cap._ 8_vo_) _1909_ _Third Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1911_ _Fourth Edition_ ( ,, ,, ) _1913_ WITH the exception of the _Poems in Prose_ this volume does not contain anything which the author ever contemplated reprinting.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

writersnounUS /ˈraɪtərz/

plural of “writer” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading _The Rise of Historical Criticism_ is interesting to admirers of his work, however, because it shows the development of his style and the wide intellectual range distinguishing the least _borné_ of all the late Victorian writers, with the possible exception of Ruskin.

Chapter 1 of Essays and Lectures by Oscar Wilde holds 111 sentences, grouped into 23 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Essays and Lectures contain?

Chapter 1 holds 111 sentences of Essays and Lectures, unabridged, divided into 23 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Essays and Lectures by Oscar Wilde exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 111 sentences, grouped into 23 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Essays and Lectures?

Work through the 23 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 23 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Essays and Lectures

Common questions about reading Essays and Lectures by Oscar Wilde on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Essays and Lectures?

Yes. All 1630 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #774 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Essays and Lectures is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #774, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Essays and Lectures take to read?

About 135 minutes of reading across 326 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Essays and Lectures section by section

How to work through Essays and Lectures section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 13 chapters of Essays and Lectures to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Essays and Lectures

Words and structures a reader meets early in Essays and Lectures, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

First
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays and Lectures; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Published
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays and Lectures; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Limited
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays and Lectures; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Edition
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays and Lectures; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.