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Essays in English Literature, 1780-1860
Essays in English Literature, 1780-1860

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Essays in English Literature, 1780-1860 is here in full — 406 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/81 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.
All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.
To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.
To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.
These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Essays in English Literature, 1780-1860

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Essays in English Literature, 1780-1860 is here in full — 406 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/81 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.
/ʌv ðə eˈseɪz ɪn ðɪs ˈvɑːljuːm ðə ˌɪntrəˈdʌktəri ˈpeɪpər ɑːn ðə kaɪndz ʌv ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm hæz nɑːt bɪˈfɔːr əˈpɪrd ɪn prɪnt/
Line 2
All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.
Line 3
To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.
/tuː ðə ˈedɪtərz ənd ˈpʌblɪʃərz ʌv boʊθ ðiːz ˌpɪriˈɑːdɪkəlz aɪ oʊ maɪ best θæŋks fɔːr pərˈmɪʃən tuː riˈprɪnt ðə ˈɑːrtəkəlz/
Line 4
To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.
Line 5
These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

dedicated adjective US /ˈdedəkeɪtəd/

devoted to a cause or ideal or purpose

From this reading “To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.”

Editors noun US /ˈedɪtərz/

plural of “editor” — a person responsible for the editorial aspects of publication; the person who determines the final content of a text (especially of a newspaper or magazine)

From this reading “To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.”

exigencies noun US /ˌekˈsɪdʒənsiz/

plural of “exigency” — a pressing or urgent situation

From this reading “These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.”

introductory adjective US /ˌɪntrəˈdʌktəri/

serving to open or begin

From this reading “Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.”

odour noun US /ˈoʊdər/

the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by particular chemicals in gaseous form

From this reading “To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.”

periodicals noun US /ˌpɪriˈɑːdɪkəlz/

plural of “periodical” — a publication that appears at fixed intervals

From this reading “To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.”

reprint noun US /riˈprɪnt/

a publication (such as a book) that is reprinted without changes or editing and offered again for sale

From this reading “To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.”

suggesting verb US /səˈdʒestɪŋ/

-ing form of “suggest” — make a proposal, declare a plan for something

From this reading “To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

originally published adverb + adjective

In this reading “All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.”

appeared in verb + particle counted as “appear in”

In this reading “Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.”

All words in this reading · 96

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

acceptingadjectiveUS /ækˈseptɪŋ/

tolerating without protest

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.

alterverbUS /ˈɔːltər/

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

amauxiliary verbUS /æm/

the form of “be” used with “I”

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.

appearverbUS /əˈpɪr/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

appearedverbUS /əˈpɪrd/

past form of “appear” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.

articlesnounUS /ˈɑːrtəkəlz/

plural of “article” — nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication

From this reading To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.

booknounUS /bʊk/

a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

CriticismnounUS /ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm/

disapproval expressed by pointing out faults or shortcomings

From this reading Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.

dedicatedadjectiveUS /ˈdedəkeɪtəd/

devoted to a cause or ideal or purpose

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

dedications

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

desirableadjectiveUS /dɪˈzaɪrəbəl/

worth having or seeking or achieving

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

EditornounUS /ˈedətər/

a person responsible for the editorial aspects of publication; the person who determines the final content of a text (especially of a newspaper or magazine)

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

EditorsnounUS /ˈedɪtərz/

plural of “editor” — a person responsible for the editorial aspects of publication; the person who determines the final content of a text (especially of a newspaper or magazine)

From this reading To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.

EssaynounUS /eˈseɪ/

an analytic or interpretive literary composition

From this reading All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.

essaysnounUS /eˈseɪz/

plural of “essay” — an analytic or interpretive literary composition

From this reading Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.

exceptionnounUS /ɪkˈsepʃən/

a deliberate act of omission

From this reading All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.

exigenciesnounUS /ˌekˈsɪdʒənsiz/

plural of “exigency” — a pressing or urgent situation

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.

friendshipnounUS /ˈfrendʃɪp/

the state of being friends (or friendly)

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

furtheradverbUS /ˈfɜːrðər/

to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (“further” is used more often than “farther” in this abstract sense)

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

illadjectiveUS /ɪl/

affected by an impairment of normal physical or mental function

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.

indebtedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈdetɪd/

owing gratitude or recognition to another for help or favors etc

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

introductoryadjectiveUS /ˌɪntrəˈdʌktəri/

serving to open or begin

From this reading Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

KindsnounUS /kaɪndz/

plural of “kind” — a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.

Lockhart

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.

Macmillan's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.

MagazinenounUS /ˈmæɡəziːn/

a periodic publication containing pictures and stories and articles of interest to those who purchase it or subscribe to it

From this reading All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.

mainadjectiveUS /meɪn/

most important element

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

memorynounUS /ˈmem.ər.i/

The faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information and knowledge.

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.

NationaladjectiveUS /ˈnæʃənəl/

of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country

From this reading All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.

odournounUS /ˈoʊdər/

the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by particular chemicals in gaseous form

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

OfprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

originallyadverbUS /ərˈɪdʒənəli/

in an original manner

From this reading All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.

oweverbUS /oʊ/

be obliged to pay or repay

From this reading To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.

papernounUS /ˈpeɪpər/

a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood or rags or certain grasses

From this reading Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.

particularadjectiveUS /pərˈtɪkjələr/

unique or specific to a person or thing or category

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

passagesnounUS /ˈpæsədʒəz/

plural of “passage” — the act of passing from one state or place to the next

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

periodicalsnounUS /ˌpɪriˈɑːdɪkəlz/

plural of “periodical” — a publication that appears at fixed intervals

From this reading To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.

permissionnounUS /pərˈmɪʃən/

approval to do something

From this reading To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.

phrasenounUS /freɪz/

an expression consisting of one or more words forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

placesnounUS /ˈpleɪsəz/

plural of “place” — a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

printnounUS /prɪnt/

the text appearing in a book, newspaper, or other printed publication

From this reading Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.

publishedadjectiveUS /ˈpʌblɪʃt/

prepared and printed for distribution and sale

From this reading All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.

PublishersnounUS /ˈpʌblɪʃərz/

plural of “publisher” — a firm in the publishing business

From this reading To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.

reprintnounUS /riˈprɪnt/

a publication (such as a book) that is reprinted without changes or editing and offered again for sale

From this reading To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.

restverbUS /rest/

not move; be in a resting position

From this reading All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.

restoredverbUS /rɪˈstɔːrd/

past form of “restore” — return to its original or usable and functioning condition

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

ReviewnounUS /ˌriːˈvjuː/

a new appraisal or evaluation

From this reading All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.

sacrificedverbUS /ˈsækrəfaɪst/

past form of “sacrifice” — endure the loss of

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

scrupled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

somewhatadverbUS /ˈsʌmˈwʌt/

to a small degree or extent

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

spacenounUS /speɪs/

the unlimited expanse in which everything is located

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

subjectsnounUS /ˈsʌbdʒɪkts/

plural of “subject” — the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

substancenounUS /ˈsʌbstəns/

the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

suggestingverbUS /səˈdʒestɪŋ/

-ing form of “suggest” — make a proposal, declare a plan for something

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

thanksnounUS /θæŋks/

an acknowledgment of appreciation

From this reading To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.

ToparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading To the Editors and Publishers of both these periodicals I owe my best thanks for permission to reprint the articles.

usualadjectiveUS /ˈjuːʒəwəl/

occurring or encountered or experienced or observed frequently or in accordance with regular practice or procedure

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

volumenounUS /ˈvɑːljuːm/

the amount of 3-dimensional space occupied by an object

From this reading Of the essays in this volume, the introductory paper on "The Kinds of Criticism" has not before appeared in print.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading These appear in the main as they appeared; but I have not scrupled to alter phrase or substance where it seemed desirable, and I have in a few places restored passages which had been sacrificed to the usual exigencies of space.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading To the Editor of _Macmillan's Magazine_ in particular (to whom, if dedications were not somewhat in ill odour, I should, in memory of friendship old and new, have dedicated the book), I am further indebted for suggesting several of the subjects as well as accepting the essays.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading All the rest, with one exception (the Essay on Lockhart which appeared in the _National Review_), were originally published in _Macmillan's Magazine_.

Chapter 1 of Essays in English Literature, 1780-1860 by George Saintsbury holds 406 sentences, grouped into 82 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Essays in English Literature, 1780-1860 contain?

Chapter 1 holds 406 sentences of Essays in English Literature, 1780-1860, unabridged, divided into 82 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Essays in English Literature, 1780-1860 by George Saintsbury exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 406 sentences, grouped into 82 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

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Work through the 82 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #30455, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in Essays in English Literature, 1780-1860

Words and structures a reader meets early in Essays in English Literature, 1780-1860, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Essays
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Volume
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Introductory
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