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Essays in Literature and History
Essays in Literature and History

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Essays in Literature and History is here in full — 386 sentences across 78 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/77 · 5 lines
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London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.
He fought against resistance.
He excited (and still excites) a violent animosity.
He exasperated the surface of his time and was yet too strong for that surface to reject him.
This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Essays in Literature and History

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Essays in Literature and History is here in full — 386 sentences across 78 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/77 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.
Line 2
He fought against resistance.
/hiː fɔːt əˈɡenst rɪˈzɪstəns/
Line 3
He excited (and still excites) a violent animosity.
/hiː ɪkˈsaɪtəd ənd stɪl ɪkˈsaɪts ə ˈvaɪələnt ˌænəˈmɑːsəti/
Line 4
He exasperated the surface of his time and was yet too strong for that surface to reject him.
/hiː ɪɡˈzæspəreɪtɪd ðə ˈsɜːrfəs ʌv hɪz taɪm ənd wɑːz jet tuː strɔːŋ fɔːr ðæt ˈsɜːrfəs tuː rɪˈdʒekt hɪm/
Line 5
This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.
/ðɪs kəmˈbætɪv ənd əˈɡresɪv ˈkwɑːləti ɪn hɪm wɪtʃ wɑːz səkˈsesfəl ɪn ðæt ɪt wɑːz ˈpɜːrmənənt ənd ˈnevər ˈsʌfərd ə ˈfaɪnəl dɪˈfiːt ʃʊd ərˈest ˈeni wʌn huː meɪ meɪk ə ˈdʒenərəl sərˈveɪ ʌv ðə læst ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃən ɪn ˈletərz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

aggressive adjective US /əˈɡresɪv/

having or showing determination and energetic pursuit of your ends

From this reading “This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.”

animosity noun US /ˌænəˈmɑːsəti/

a feeling of ill will arousing active hostility

From this reading “He excited (and still excites) a violent animosity.”

combative adjective US /kəmˈbætɪv/

inclined or showing an inclination to dispute or disagree, even to engage in law suits

From this reading “This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.”

contemporaries noun US /kənˈtempəreriz/

all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age

From this reading “London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.”

Dent noun US /dent/

an appreciable consequence (especially a lessening)

From this reading “London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.”

excites verb US /ɪkˈsaɪts/

third-person singular of “excite” — arouse or elicit a feeling

From this reading “He excited (and still excites) a violent animosity.”

Huxley noun US /ˈhʌksli/

English physiologist who, with Alan Hodgkin, discovered the role of potassium and sodium ions in the transmission of the nerve impulse (born in 1917)

From this reading “London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.”

reject verb US /rɪˈdʒekt/

refuse to accept or acknowledge

From this reading “He exasperated the surface of his time and was yet too strong for that surface to reject him.”

All words in this reading · 66

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading He fought against resistance.

aggressiveadjectiveUS /əˈɡresɪv/

having or showing determination and energetic pursuit of your ends

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He excited (and still excites) a violent animosity.

animositynounUS /ˌænəˈmɑːsəti/

a feeling of ill will arousing active hostility

From this reading He excited (and still excites) a violent animosity.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

arrestverbUS /ərˈest/

take into custody

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

ConounUS /koʊ/

an odorless very poisonous gas that is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

combativeadjectiveUS /kəmˈbætɪv/

inclined or showing an inclination to dispute or disagree, even to engage in law suits

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

contemporariesnounUS /kənˈtempəreriz/

all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

convictionsnounUS /kənˈvɪkʃənz/

plural of “conviction” — an unshakable belief in something without need for proof or evidence

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

defeatnounUS /dɪˈfiːt/

an unsuccessful ending to a struggle or contest

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

DentnounUS /dent/

an appreciable consequence (especially a lessening)

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

exasperatedadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzæspəreɪtɪd/

greatly annoyed; out of patience

From this reading He exasperated the surface of his time and was yet too strong for that surface to reject him.

excitedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈsaɪtəd/

(of persons) excessively affected by emotion

From this reading He excited (and still excites) a violent animosity.

excitesverbUS /ɪkˈsaɪts/

third-person singular of “excite” — arouse or elicit a feeling

From this reading He excited (and still excites) a violent animosity.

finaladjectiveUS /ˈfaɪnəl/

occurring at or forming an end or termination

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading He exasperated the surface of his time and was yet too strong for that surface to reject him.

foughtverbUS /fɔːt/

inflected form of “fight” — be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading He fought against resistance.

Froude

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

generaladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

generationnounUS /ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃən/

all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading He exasperated the surface of his time and was yet too strong for that surface to reject him.

HisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

HuxleynounUS /ˈhʌksli/

English physiologist who, with Alan Hodgkin, discovered the role of potassium and sodium ions in the transmission of the nerve impulse (born in 1917)

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

imposedadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpoʊzd/

set forth authoritatively as obligatory

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

JnounUS /dʒeɪ/

a unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

lettersnounUS /ˈletərz/

the literary culture

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

LondonnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

MnounUS /em/

the basic unit of length adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites (approximately 1.094 yards)

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

meritnounUS /ˈmerət/

any admirable quality or attribute

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

permanentadjectiveUS /ˈpɜːrmənənt/

continuing or enduring without marked change in status or condition or place

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

qualitynounUS /ˈkwɑːləti/

an essential and distinguishing attribute of something or someone

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

rejectverbUS /rɪˈdʒekt/

refuse to accept or acknowledge

From this reading He exasperated the surface of his time and was yet too strong for that surface to reject him.

resistancenounUS /rɪˈzɪstəns/

the action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with

From this reading He fought against resistance.

sharedadjectiveUS /ʃerd/

have in common; held or experienced in common

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading He excited (and still excites) a violent animosity.

strongadjectiveUS /strɔːŋ/

having strength or power greater than average or expected

From this reading He exasperated the surface of his time and was yet too strong for that surface to reject him.

successfuladjectiveUS /səkˈsesfəl/

having succeeded or being marked by a favorable outcome

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

sufferedverbUS /ˈsʌfərd/

past form of “suffer” — undergo or be subjected to

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading He exasperated the surface of his time and was yet too strong for that surface to reject him.

surveynounUS /sərˈveɪ/

a detailed critical inspection

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading He exasperated the surface of his time and was yet too strong for that surface to reject him.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading He exasperated the surface of his time and was yet too strong for that surface to reject him.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading He exasperated the surface of his time and was yet too strong for that surface to reject him.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading He exasperated the surface of his time and was yet too strong for that surface to reject him.

violentadjectiveUS /ˈvaɪələnt/

acting with or marked by or resulting from great force or energy or emotional intensity

From this reading He excited (and still excites) a violent animosity.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He exasperated the surface of his time and was yet too strong for that surface to reject him.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading This combative and aggressive quality in him, which was successful in that it was permanent and never suffered a final defeat should arrest any one who may make a general survey of the last generation in letters.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading London: J. M. Dent & Co., ____ Froude had this merit--a merit he shared with Huxley alone of His contemporaries--that he imposed his convictions.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading He exasperated the surface of his time and was yet too strong for that surface to reject him.

Chapter 1 of Essays in Literature and History by James Anthony Froude holds 386 sentences, grouped into 78 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Essays in Literature and History contain?

Chapter 1 holds 386 sentences of Essays in Literature and History, unabridged, divided into 78 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Essays in Literature and History by James Anthony Froude exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 386 sentences, grouped into 78 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Essays in Literature and History?

Work through the 78 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 78 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Essays in Literature and History

Common questions about reading Essays in Literature and History by James Anthony Froude on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Essays in Literature and History?

Yes. All 3856 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #18276 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Essays in Literature and History is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #18276, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Essays in Literature and History take to read?

About 321 minutes of reading across 772 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through Essays in Literature and History section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Essays in Literature and History

Words and structures a reader meets early in Essays in Literature and History, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

London
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays in Literature and History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Froude
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays in Literature and History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Merit--a
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays in Literature and History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Merit
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays in Literature and History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.