Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
Essays in Literature and History
Essays in Literature and History

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Essays in Literature and History is here in full — 389 sentences across 78 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Essays in Literature and History
Context Illustration Reading 1/77 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.
A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.
It may be doubtful whether the writer purposely intended it.
He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.
At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Essays in Literature and History

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Essays in Literature and History is here in full — 389 sentences across 78 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/77 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.
Line 2
A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.
/ə ˈstʌdid rɪˈspekt ɪz ʃoʊn ˌhaʊˈevər tuː ðɪs ˈɔːrθədɑːksi ˈiːvɪn waɪl ɪt ɪz ərˈeɪnd fɔːr ˈdʒʌdʒmənt/
Line 3
It may be doubtful whether the writer purposely intended it.
/ɪt meɪ biː ˈdaʊtfəl ˈweðər ðə ˈraɪtər ˈpɜːrpəsli ˌɪnˈtendɪd ɪt/
Line 4
He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.
/hiː ˈprɑːbəbliː kerd ˈoʊnli tuː tel ðə riːl truːθ tuː seɪ fɔːr ɪt ðə best wɪtʃ kʊd biː sed ənd tuː prəˈduːs æz ɪts dɪˈfendərz ðə best ənd ˈwaɪzəst men huːm ɪn hɪz ɪkˈspɪriəns hiː hæd noʊn tuː bɪˈliːv ənd dɪˈfend ɪt/
Line 5
At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.
/æt ˈeni reɪt hiː ˌreprɪˈzents ðə θriː frendz nɑːt æz ə ˈwiːkər ˈpɜːrsən wʊd hæv ˌreprɪˈzentɪd ðem æz ˈfuːlɪʃ ˈɑːbstənət ˈbɪɡəts bʌt æz waɪz hjuːˈmeɪn ənd ˈɔːlmoʊst ɡreɪt men huː æt ðə ˈaʊtset æt liːst ɑːr ˈænəmeɪtɪd ˈoʊnli baɪ ðə ˈkaɪndəst ˈfiːlɪŋz ənd spiːk wʌt ðeɪ hæv tuː seɪ wɪð ðə moʊst ˈɜːrnɪst kənˈvɪkʃən ðæt ɪt ɪz truː/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

arraigned verb US /ərˈeɪnd/

past form of “arraign” — call before a court to answer an indictment

From this reading “A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.”

bigots noun US /ˈbɪɡəts/

plural of “bigot” — a prejudiced person who is intolerant of any opinions differing from his own

From this reading “At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.”

defenders noun US /dɪˈfendərz/

plural of “defender” — a person who cares for persons or property

From this reading “He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.”

humane adjective US /hjuːˈmeɪn/

pertaining to or concerned with the humanities

From this reading “At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.”

inadequate adjective US /ˌɪˈnædəkwət/

lacking the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task

From this reading “The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.”

kindest adjective US /ˈkaɪndəst/

superlative of “kind” — having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading “At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.”

orthodoxy noun US /ˈɔːrθədɑːksi/

the quality of being orthodox (especially in religion)

From this reading “A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.”

outset noun US /ˈaʊtset/

the time at which something is supposed to begin

From this reading “At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.”

All words in this reading · 115

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

animatedadjectiveUS /ˈænəmeɪtɪd/

having life or vigor or spirit

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

arraignedverbUS /ərˈeɪnd/

past form of “arraign” — call before a court to answer an indictment

From this reading A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

believeverbUS /bɪˈliːv/

accept as true; take to be true

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

believedverbUS /bɪˈliːvd/

past form of “believe” — accept as true; take to be true

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

bigotsnounUS /ˈbɪɡəts/

plural of “bigot” — a prejudiced person who is intolerant of any opinions differing from his own

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

caredverbUS /kerd/

past form of “care” — feel concern or interest

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

contactnounUS /ˈkɑːntækt/

close interaction

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

convictionnounUS /kənˈvɪkʃən/

an unshakable belief in something without need for proof or evidence

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

creednounUS /kriːd/

any system of principles or beliefs

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

dangernounUS /ˈdeɪndʒər/

the condition of being susceptible to harm or injury

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

defendverbUS /dɪˈfend/

argue or speak in defense of

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

defendersnounUS /dɪˈfendərz/

plural of “defender” — a person who cares for persons or property

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

disentangledadjective

straightened out

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

doubtfuladjectiveUS /ˈdaʊtfəl/

open to doubt or suspicion

From this reading It may be doubtful whether the writer purposely intended it.

earnestadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrnɪst/

characterized by a firm and humorless belief in the validity of your opinions

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

experienceverbUS /ɪkˈspɪriəns/

undergo or live through a difficult experience

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

factsnounUS /fækts/

plural of “fact” — a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

falseadjectiveUS /fɔːls/

not in accordance with the fact or reality or actuality

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

feelingsnounUS /ˈfiːlɪŋz/

emotional or moral sensitivity (especially in relation to personal principles or dignity)

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

foolishadjectiveUS /ˈfuːlɪʃ/

devoid of good sense or judgment

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.

formulanounUS /ˈfɔːrmjələ/

a group of symbols that make a mathematical statement

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

friendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

hardlyadverbUS /ˈhɑːrdli/

only a very short time before

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.

humaneadjectiveUS /hjuːˈmeɪn/

pertaining to or concerned with the humanities

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

inadequateadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈnædəkwət/

lacking the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

intendedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtendɪd/

resulting from one's intentions

From this reading It may be doubtful whether the writer purposely intended it.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

JobnounUS /dʒɑːb/

the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

judgmentnounUS /ˈdʒʌdʒmənt/

an opinion formed by judging something

From this reading A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.

kindestadjectiveUS /ˈkaɪndəst/

superlative of “kind” — having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading It may be doubtful whether the writer purposely intended it.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

mingledverbUS /ˈmɪŋɡəld/

past form of “mingle” — to bring or combine together or with something else

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

obstinateadjectiveUS /ˈɑːbstənət/

tenaciously unwilling or marked by tenacious unwillingness to yield

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

orthodoxynounUS /ˈɔːrθədɑːksi/

the quality of being orthodox (especially in religion)

From this reading A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.

outsetnounUS /ˈaʊtset/

the time at which something is supposed to begin

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

probablyadverbUS /ˈprɑːbəbliː/

with considerable certainty; without much doubt

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

produceverbUS /prəˈduːs/

bring forth or yield

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

purposelyadverbUS /ˈpɜːrpəsli/

with intention; in an intentional manner

From this reading It may be doubtful whether the writer purposely intended it.

ratenounUS /reɪt/

a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

realadjectiveUS /riːl/

being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

representedadjectiveUS /ˌreprɪˈzentɪd/

represented accurately or precisely

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

representsverbUS /ˌreprɪˈzents/

third-person singular of “represent” — take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

respectnounUS /rɪˈspekt/

(usually preceded by “in”) a detail or point

From this reading A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

shownverbUS /ʃoʊn/

inflected form of “show” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

speakverbUS /spiːk/

express in speech

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

studiedadjectiveUS /ˈstʌdid/

produced or marked by conscious design or premeditation

From this reading A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.

sweptadjectiveUS /swept/

possessing sweep

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

tellverbUS /tel/

express in words

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

triedadjectiveUS /traɪd/

tested and proved useful or correct

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

trueadjectiveUS /truː/

consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

truthnounUS /truːθ/

a fact that has been verified

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

wantingadjectiveUS /ˈwɑːntɪŋ/

nonexistent

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

weakeradjectiveUS /ˈwiːkər/

comparative of “weak” — wanting in physical strength

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

whetherconjunctionUS /ˈweðər/

used to introduce two or more possibilities

From this reading It may be doubtful whether the writer purposely intended it.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy; even while it is arraigned for judgment.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

wiseadjectiveUS /waɪz/

having or prompted by wisdom or discernment

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

wisestadjectiveUS /ˈwaɪzəst/

superlative of “wise” — having or prompted by wisdom or discernment

From this reading He probably cared only to tell the real truth; to say for it the best which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to believe and defend it.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The creed in which Job had believed was tried and found wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be disentangled, and are in danger of being swept away together.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading At any rate, he represents the three friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, as foolish, obstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say with the most earnest conviction that it is true.

writernounUS /ˈraɪtər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading It may be doubtful whether the writer purposely intended it.

Chapter 4 of Essays in Literature and History by James Anthony Froude holds 389 sentences, grouped into 78 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Essays in Literature and History contain?

Chapter 4 holds 389 sentences of Essays in Literature and History, unabridged, divided into 78 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Essays in Literature and History by James Anthony Froude exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 389 sentences, grouped into 78 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Essays in Literature and History?

Work through the 78 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 78 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Essays in Literature and History

Common questions about reading Essays in Literature and History by James Anthony Froude on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Essays in Literature and History?

Yes. All 3856 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #18276 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Essays in Literature and History is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #18276, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Essays in Literature and History take to read?

About 321 minutes of reading across 772 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Essays in Literature and History section by section

How to work through Essays in Literature and History section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of Essays in Literature and History to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Essays in Literature and History

Words and structures a reader meets early in Essays in Literature and History, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

London
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays in Literature and History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Froude
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays in Literature and History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Merit--a
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays in Literature and History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Merit
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays in Literature and History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.