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Essays in Literature and History
Essays in Literature and History

Chapter V · Chapter 5

Chapter 5 of Essays in Literature and History is here in full — 390 sentences across 78 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.
Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.
They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.
While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.
____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Essays in Literature and History

Chapter V · Chapter 5

Chapter 5 of Essays in Literature and History is here in full — 390 sentences across 78 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/78 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.
Line 2
Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.
Line 3
They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.
/ðeɪ bɪˈlɔːŋ tuː ˈeɪdʒəz ʌv kəmˈperətɪv ˈpɑːvərti ʌv hɑːrt wen ðə dɪˈzaɪərz ʌv men ɑːr ˈlɪmətəd tuː məˈtɪriəl θɪŋz wen men ɑːr kənˈtentəd tuː ˈleɪbər ənd iːt ðə fruːt ʌv ðer ˈleɪbər ənd ðen laɪ daʊn ənd daɪ/
Line 4
While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.
/waɪl sʌtʃ ˈsɪmptəmz rɪˈmeɪn əˈmʌŋ ʌs ˈaʊər feɪθ ɪn ˈprɑːɡres meɪ rɪˈmeɪn ənˈʃeɪkən bʌt ɪt wɪl biː ə feɪθ wɪtʃ æz ʌv oʊld ɪz ðə ˈsʌbstəns ʌv θɪŋz hoʊpt fɔːr ðə ˈevədəns ʌv θɪŋz nɑːt siːn/
Line 5
____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

editors noun US /ˈedɪtərz/

plural of “editor” — a person responsible for the editorial aspects of publication; the person who determines the final content of a text (especially of a newspaper or magazine)

From this reading “____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.”

hinges noun US /ˈhɪndʒɪz/

plural of “hinge” — a joint that holds two parts together so that one can swing relative to the other

From this reading “Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.”

histories noun US /ˈhɪstəriz/

plural of “history” — the aggregate of past events

From this reading “____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.”

philosophies noun US /fəˈlɑːsəfiz/

plural of “philosophy” — a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school

From this reading “Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.”

reducible adjective US /rəˈduːsəbəl/

capable of being reduced

From this reading “Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.”

Reformation noun US /ˌref.əˈmeɪ.ʃən/

The action or process of reforming an institution, practice, or individual's character.

From this reading “Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.”

sciences noun US /ˈsaɪənsəz/

plural of “science” — a particular branch of scientific knowledge

From this reading “Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.”

unshaken adjective US /ənˈʃeɪkən/

unshaken in purpose

From this reading “While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.”

All words in this reading · 92

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

25,000

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

actionnounUS /ˈækʃən/

something done (usually as opposed to something said)

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

agesnounUS /ˈeɪdʒəz/

plural of “age” — how long something has existed

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading ____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.

belongverbUS /bɪˈlɔːŋ/

be owned by; be in the possession of

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

Bollandist

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.

ChristianitynounUS /ˌkrɪstʃiˈænɪti/

a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

From this reading Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.

comparativeadjectiveUS /kəmˈperətɪv/

relating to or based on or involving comparison

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

completedadjectiveUS /kəmˈpliːtəd/

successfully completed or brought to an end

From this reading ____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.

containedadjectiveUS /kənˈteɪnd/

gotten under control

From this reading ____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.

contentedadjectiveUS /kənˈtentəd/

satisfied or showing satisfaction with things as they are

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

desiresnounUS /dɪˈzaɪərz/

plural of “desire” — the feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

dieverbUS /daɪ/

pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

eatverbUS /iːt/

take in solid food

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

editorsnounUS /ˈedɪtərz/

plural of “editor” — a person responsible for the editorial aspects of publication; the person who determines the final content of a text (especially of a newspaper or magazine)

From this reading ____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.

efficientadjectiveUS /ɪˈfɪʃənt/

being effective without wasting time or effort or expense

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

enormousadjectiveUS /ɪˈnɔːrməs/

extraordinarily large in size or extent or amount or power or degree

From this reading ____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.

evidencenounUS /ˈevədəns/

your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

explainverbUS /ɪkˈspleɪn/

make plain and comprehensible

From this reading Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.

faithnounUS /feɪθ/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

fruitnounUS /fruːt/

the ripened reproductive body of a seed plant

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading ____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading ____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.

heartnounUS /hɑːrt/

the locus of feelings and intuitions

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

hingesnounUS /ˈhɪndʒɪz/

plural of “hinge” — a joint that holds two parts together so that one can swing relative to the other

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

historiesnounUS /ˈhɪstəriz/

plural of “history” — the aggregate of past events

From this reading ____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.

hopedverbUS /hoʊpt/

past form of “hope” — expect and wish

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading ____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

labournounUS /ˈleɪbər/

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

lieverbUS /laɪ/

be located or situated somewhere; occupy a certain position

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

limitedadjectiveUS /ˈlɪmətəd/

small in range or scope

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

LIVESnounUS /lɪvz/

plural of “life” — a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading ____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.

Mahometanism

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.

mankindnounUS /ˈmænˈkaɪnd/

all of the living human inhabitants of the earth

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

massesnounUS /ˈmæsəz/

the common people generally

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

materialadjectiveUS /məˈtɪriəl/

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual interests

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

motivesnounUS /ˈmoʊtɪvz/

plural of “motive” — the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

philosophiesnounUS /fəˈlɑːsəfiz/

plural of “philosophy” — a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school

From this reading Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.

politicaladjectiveUS /pəˈlɪtəkəl/

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

poorlyadverbUS /ˈpuːrli/

(“ill” is often used as a combining form) in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well

From this reading Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.

povertynounUS /ˈpɑːvərti/

the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

progressnounUS /ˈprɑːɡres/

gradual improvement or growth or development

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

reducibleadjectiveUS /rəˈduːsəbəl/

capable of being reduced

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

ReformationnounUS /ˌref.əˈmeɪ.ʃən/

The action or process of reforming an institution, practice, or individual's character.

From this reading Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.

remainverbUS /rɪˈmeɪn/

stay the same; remain in a certain state

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

riseverbUS /raɪz/

move upward

From this reading Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.

SAINTSnounUS /seɪnts/

plural of “saint” — a person who has died and has been declared a saint by canonization

From this reading ____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.

sciencenounUS /ˈsaɪəns/

a particular branch of scientific knowledge

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

sciencesnounUS /ˈsaɪənsəz/

plural of “science” — a particular branch of scientific knowledge

From this reading Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

selfinterest

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

selfishadjectiveUS /ˈselfɪʃ/

concerned chiefly or only with yourself and your advantage to the exclusion of others

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

substancenounUS /ˈsʌbstəns/

the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

SuchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.

symptomsnounUS /ˈsɪmptəmz/

plural of “symptom” — (medicine) any sensation or change in bodily function that is experienced by a patient and is associated with a particular disease

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

systemnounUS /ˈsɪstəm/

instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

undertakingnounUS /ˈʌndərteɪkɪŋ/

any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted

From this reading ____ THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS If the enormous undertaking of the Bollandist editors had been completed, it would have contained the histories of 25,000 saints.

uniformadjectiveUS /ˈjuːnəfɔːrm/

always the same; showing a single form or character in all occurrences

From this reading Our one efficient political science hinges on selfinterest, and the uniform action of motives among the masses of mankind--of selfish motives reducible to system.

unshakenadjectiveUS /ənˈʃeɪkən/

unshaken in purpose

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading They belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the desires of men are limited to material things; when men are contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and then lie down and die.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

WhileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading While such symptoms remain among us, our faith in progress may remain unshaken; but it will be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Such philosophies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation.

Chapter 5 of Essays in Literature and History by James Anthony Froude holds 390 sentences, grouped into 78 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 5 of Essays in Literature and History contain?

Chapter 5 holds 390 sentences of Essays in Literature and History, unabridged, divided into 78 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 5 of Essays in Literature and History by James Anthony Froude exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 390 sentences, grouped into 78 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 5 of Essays in Literature and History?

Work through the 78 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 78 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 5 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 5 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Essays in Literature and History

Common questions about reading Essays in Literature and History by James Anthony Froude on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Essays in Literature and History?

Yes. All 3856 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #18276 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Essays in Literature and History is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #18276, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Essays in Literature and History take to read?

About 321 minutes of reading across 772 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Essays in Literature and History section by section

How to work through Essays in Literature and History section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of Essays in Literature and History to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Essays in Literature and History

Words and structures a reader meets early in Essays in Literature and History, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

London
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays in Literature and History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Froude
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays in Literature and History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Merit--a
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays in Literature and History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Merit
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays in Literature and History; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.