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Essays — Second Series
Essays — Second Series

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Essays — Second Series is here in full — 141 sentences across 29 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Essays — Second Series
Context Illustration Reading 1/28 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
I look on Sculpture as history.
I do not think the Apollo and the Jove impossible in flesh and blood.
Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.
We have seen many counterfeits, but we are born believers in great men.
How easily we read in old books, when men were few, of the smallest action of the patriarchs.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Essays — Second Series

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Essays — Second Series is here in full — 141 sentences across 29 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/28 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
I look on Sculpture as history.
/aɪ lʊk ɑːn ˈskʌlptʃər æz ˈhɪstəri/
Line 2
I do not think the Apollo and the Jove impossible in flesh and blood.
Line 3
Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.
/ˈevəri treɪt wɪtʃ ðə ˈɑːrtəst rəˈkɔːrdɪd ɪn stoʊn hiː hæd siːn ɪn laɪf ənd ˈbetər ðæn hɪz ˈkɑːpi/
Line 4
We have seen many counterfeits, but we are born believers in great men.
/wiː hæv siːn ˈmeni ˈkaʊntərfɪts bʌt wiː ɑːr bɔːrn bəˈliːvərz ɪn ɡreɪt men/
Line 5
How easily we read in old books, when men were few, of the smallest action of the patriarchs.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Apollo noun US /əˈpɑːloʊ/

(Greek mythology) Greek god of light; god of prophecy and poetry and music and healing; son of Zeus and Leto; twin brother of Artemis

From this reading “I do not think the Apollo and the Jove impossible in flesh and blood.”

believers noun US /bəˈliːvərz/

plural of “believer” — a supporter who accepts something as true

From this reading “We have seen many counterfeits, but we are born believers in great men.”

counterfeits noun US /ˈkaʊntərfɪts/

plural of “counterfeit” — a copy that is represented as the original

From this reading “We have seen many counterfeits, but we are born believers in great men.”

patriarchs noun US /ˈpeɪtriɑːrks/

plural of “patriarch” — title for the heads of the Eastern Orthodox Churches (in Istanbul and Alexandria and Moscow and Jerusalem)

From this reading “How easily we read in old books, when men were few, of the smallest action of the patriarchs.”

recorded adjective US /rəˈkɔːrdɪd/

set down or registered in a permanent form especially on film or tape for reproduction

From this reading “Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.”

Sculpture noun US /ˈskʌlptʃər/

a three-dimensional work of plastic art

From this reading “I look on Sculpture as history.”

smallest adjective US /ˈsmɔːləst/

superlative of “small” — limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading “How easily we read in old books, when men were few, of the smallest action of the patriarchs.”

trait noun US /treɪt/

a distinguishing feature of your personal nature

From this reading “Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.”

All words in this reading · 53

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

actionnounUS /ˈækʃən/

something done (usually as opposed to something said)

From this reading How easily we read in old books, when men were few, of the smallest action of the patriarchs.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading I do not think the Apollo and the Jove impossible in flesh and blood.

ApollonounUS /əˈpɑːloʊ/

(Greek mythology) Greek god of light; god of prophecy and poetry and music and healing; son of Zeus and Leto; twin brother of Artemis

From this reading I do not think the Apollo and the Jove impossible in flesh and blood.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading We have seen many counterfeits, but we are born believers in great men.

artistnounUS /ˈɑːrtəst/

a person whose creative work shows sensitivity and imagination

From this reading Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading I look on Sculpture as history.

believersnounUS /bəˈliːvərz/

plural of “believer” — a supporter who accepts something as true

From this reading We have seen many counterfeits, but we are born believers in great men.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.

bloodnounUS /blʌd/

The red fluid that circulates in the heart and blood vessels.

From this reading I do not think the Apollo and the Jove impossible in flesh and blood.

booksnounUS /bʊks/

Bound written or printed works.

From this reading How easily we read in old books, when men were few, of the smallest action of the patriarchs.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading We have seen many counterfeits, but we are born believers in great men.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading We have seen many counterfeits, but we are born believers in great men.

copynounUS /ˈkɑːpi/

a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)

From this reading Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.

counterfeitsnounUS /ˈkaʊntərfɪts/

plural of “counterfeit” — a copy that is represented as the original

From this reading We have seen many counterfeits, but we are born believers in great men.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading I do not think the Apollo and the Jove impossible in flesh and blood.

easilyadverbUS /ˈiːzəli/

with ease (“easy” is sometimes used informally for “easily”)

From this reading How easily we read in old books, when men were few, of the smallest action of the patriarchs.

EverydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading How easily we read in old books, when men were few, of the smallest action of the patriarchs.

fleshnounUS /fleʃ/

the soft tissue of the body of a vertebrate: mainly muscle tissue and fat

From this reading I do not think the Apollo and the Jove impossible in flesh and blood.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading We have seen many counterfeits, but we are born believers in great men.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading We have seen many counterfeits, but we are born believers in great men.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading I look on Sculpture as history.

How

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading How easily we read in old books, when men were few, of the smallest action of the patriarchs.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I look on Sculpture as history.

impossibleadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɑːsəbəl/

not capable of occurring or being accomplished or dealt with

From this reading I do not think the Apollo and the Jove impossible in flesh and blood.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading I do not think the Apollo and the Jove impossible in flesh and blood.

Jovenoun

(Roman mythology) supreme god of Romans; counterpart of Greek Zeus

From this reading I do not think the Apollo and the Jove impossible in flesh and blood.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.

lookverbUS /lʊk/

perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading I look on Sculpture as history.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading We have seen many counterfeits, but we are born believers in great men.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading We have seen many counterfeits, but we are born believers in great men.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading I do not think the Apollo and the Jove impossible in flesh and blood.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading How easily we read in old books, when men were few, of the smallest action of the patriarchs.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading How easily we read in old books, when men were few, of the smallest action of the patriarchs.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading I look on Sculpture as history.

patriarchsnounUS /ˈpeɪtriɑːrks/

plural of “patriarch” — title for the heads of the Eastern Orthodox Churches (in Istanbul and Alexandria and Moscow and Jerusalem)

From this reading How easily we read in old books, when men were few, of the smallest action of the patriarchs.

readverbUS /red/

interpret something that is written or printed

From this reading How easily we read in old books, when men were few, of the smallest action of the patriarchs.

recordedadjectiveUS /rəˈkɔːrdɪd/

set down or registered in a permanent form especially on film or tape for reproduction

From this reading Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.

SculpturenounUS /ˈskʌlptʃər/

a three-dimensional work of plastic art

From this reading I look on Sculpture as history.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.

smallestadjectiveUS /ˈsmɔːləst/

superlative of “small” — limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading How easily we read in old books, when men were few, of the smallest action of the patriarchs.

stonenounUS /stoʊn/

a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading I do not think the Apollo and the Jove impossible in flesh and blood.

thinkverbUS /θɪŋk/

judge or regard; look upon; judge

From this reading I do not think the Apollo and the Jove impossible in flesh and blood.

traitnounUS /treɪt/

a distinguishing feature of your personal nature

From this reading Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We have seen many counterfeits, but we are born believers in great men.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading How easily we read in old books, when men were few, of the smallest action of the patriarchs.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading How easily we read in old books, when men were few, of the smallest action of the patriarchs.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Every trait which the artist recorded in stone he had seen in life, and better than his copy.

Chapter 8 of Essays — Second Series by Ralph Waldo Emerson holds 141 sentences, grouped into 29 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Essays — Second Series contain?

Chapter 8 holds 141 sentences of Essays — Second Series, unabridged, divided into 29 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Essays — Second Series by Ralph Waldo Emerson exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 141 sentences, grouped into 29 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Essays — Second Series?

Work through the 29 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 29 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Essays — Second Series

Common questions about reading Essays — Second Series by Ralph Waldo Emerson on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Essays — Second Series?

Yes. All 2456 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #2945 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Essays — Second Series is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #2945, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Essays — Second Series take to read?

About 204 minutes of reading across 492 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Essays — Second Series section by section

How to work through Essays — Second Series section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 17 chapters of Essays — Second Series to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Essays — Second Series

Words and structures a reader meets early in Essays — Second Series, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Moody
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays — Second Series; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Child
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays — Second Series; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Wildly
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays — Second Series; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Pursued
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Essays — Second Series; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.