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Europe Revised
Europe Revised

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Europe Revised is here in full — 159 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/31 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.
Austria has no fresh air at all--never did have any, and therefore has never felt the need of having any.
Italy--the northern part of it anyhow--is also reasonably shy of this commodity.
In the German-speaking countries all street cars and all railway trains sail with battened hatches.
In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Europe Revised

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Europe Revised is here in full — 159 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/31 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.
Line 2
Austria has no fresh air at all--never did have any, and therefore has never felt the need of having any.
Line 3
Italy--the northern part of it anyhow--is also reasonably shy of this commodity.
Line 4
In the German-speaking countries all street cars and all railway trains sail with battened hatches.
Line 5
In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

affording verb US /əˈfɔːrdɪŋ/

-ing form of “afford” — be able to spare or give up

From this reading “In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.”

blasting adjective US /ˈblæstɪŋ/

causing injury or blight; especially affecting with sudden violence or plague or ruin

From this reading “In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.”

commodity noun US /kəˈmɑːdəti/

articles of commerce

From this reading “Italy--the northern part of it anyhow--is also reasonably shy of this commodity.”

Forsaken verb US /fɔːrˈseɪkən/

inflected form of “forsake” — leave someone who needs or counts on you; leave in the lurch

From this reading “Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.”

hatches noun US /ˈhætʃɪz/

plural of “hatch” — the production of young from an egg

From this reading “In the German-speaking countries all street cars and all railway trains sail with battened hatches.”

healthful adjective US /ˈhelθfəl/

conducive to good health of body or mind

From this reading “In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.”

provides verb US /prəˈvaɪdz/

third-person singular of “provide” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading “In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.”

tourist noun US /ˈtʊrəst/

someone who travels for pleasure

From this reading “In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.”

All words in this reading · 95

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

affordingverbUS /əˈfɔːrdɪŋ/

-ing form of “afford” — be able to spare or give up

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

airnounUS /er/

a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Austria has no fresh air at all--never did have any, and therefore has never felt the need of having any.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Italy--the northern part of it anyhow--is also reasonably shy of this commodity.

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

amusementnounUS /əˈmjuːzmənt/

a feeling of delight at being entertained

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

anyhowadverbUS /ˈenihaʊ/

used to indicate that a statement explains or supports a previous statement

From this reading Italy--the northern part of it anyhow--is also reasonably shy of this commodity.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Austria has no fresh air at all--never did have any, and therefore has never felt the need of having any.

AustrianounUS /ˈɔːstriə/

a mountainous republic in central Europe; under the Habsburgs (1278-1918) Austria maintained control of the Holy Roman Empire and was a leader in European politics until the 19th century

From this reading Austria has no fresh air at all--never did have any, and therefore has never felt the need of having any.

battened

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the German-speaking countries all street cars and all railway trains sail with battened hatches.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

blastingadjectiveUS /ˈblæstɪŋ/

causing injury or blight; especially affecting with sudden violence or plague or ruin

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

carnounUS /kɑːr/

a motor vehicle with four wheels; usually propelled by an internal combustion engine

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

carriagenounUS /ˈkærɪdʒ/

a railcar where passengers ride

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

carsnounUS /kɑːrz/

plural of “car” — a motor vehicle with four wheels; usually propelled by an internal combustion engine

From this reading In the German-speaking countries all street cars and all railway trains sail with battened hatches.

cheapadjectiveUS /tʃiːp/

relatively low in price or charging low prices

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

classnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

commoditynounUS /kəˈmɑːdəti/

articles of commerce

From this reading Italy--the northern part of it anyhow--is also reasonably shy of this commodity.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

countriesnounUS /ˈkʌntriz/

plural of “country” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading In the German-speaking countries all street cars and all railway trains sail with battened hatches.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

demandnounUS /dɪˈmænd/

an urgent or peremptory request

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading Austria has no fresh air at all--never did have any, and therefore has never felt the need of having any.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

exercisenounUS /ˈeksərsaɪz/

the activity of exerting your muscles in various ways to keep fit

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

fellownounUS /ˈfeloʊ/

a boy or man

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

feltverbUS /felt/

mat together and make felt-like

From this reading Austria has no fresh air at all--never did have any, and therefore has never felt the need of having any.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

ForsakenverbUS /fɔːrˈseɪkən/

inflected form of “forsake” — leave someone who needs or counts on you; leave in the lurch

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

freshadjectiveUS /freʃ/

recently made, produced, or harvested

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

gangnounUS /ɡæŋ/

an association of criminals

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

GermannounUS /ˈdʒɜːrmən/

a person of German nationality

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

German-speakingadjective

able to communicate in German

From this reading In the German-speaking countries all street cars and all railway trains sail with battened hatches.

GermanynounUS /ˈdʒɜːrməni/

a republic in central Europe; split into East Germany and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

hatchesnounUS /ˈhætʃɪz/

plural of “hatch” — the production of young from an egg

From this reading In the German-speaking countries all street cars and all railway trains sail with battened hatches.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Austria has no fresh air at all--never did have any, and therefore has never felt the need of having any.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading Austria has no fresh air at all--never did have any, and therefore has never felt the need of having any.

healthfuladjectiveUS /ˈhelθfəl/

conducive to good health of body or mind

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

HopenounUS /hoʊp/

a specific instance of feeling hopeful

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Italy--the northern part of it anyhow--is also reasonably shy of this commodity.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Italy--the northern part of it anyhow--is also reasonably shy of this commodity.

ItalynounUS /ˈɪtəli/

a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD

From this reading Italy--the northern part of it anyhow--is also reasonably shy of this commodity.

Jacques

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

JimmyverbUS /ˈdʒɪmi/

to move or force, especially in an effort to get something open

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

neednounUS /niːd/

a condition requiring relief

From this reading Austria has no fresh air at all--never did have any, and therefore has never felt the need of having any.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Austria has no fresh air at all--never did have any, and therefore has never felt the need of having any.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

northernadjectiveUS /ˈnɔːrðərn/

in or characteristic of a region of the United States north of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading Italy--the northern part of it anyhow--is also reasonably shy of this commodity.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Austria has no fresh air at all--never did have any, and therefore has never felt the need of having any.

openverbUS /ˈoʊ.pən/

To move from a closed position.

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

openedadjectiveUS /ˈoʊpənd/

used of mouth or eyes

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

ordinarynounUS /ˈɔːrdəneri/

a judge of a probate court

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

palmiest

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading Italy--the northern part of it anyhow--is also reasonably shy of this commodity.

passengersnounUS /ˈpæsəndʒərz/

plural of “passenger” — a traveler riding in a vehicle (a boat or bus or car or plane or train etc) who is not operating it

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

providesverbUS /prəˈvaɪdz/

third-person singular of “provide” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

railwaynounUS /ˈreɪlweɪ/

line that is the commercial organization responsible for operating a system of transportation for trains that pull passengers or freight

From this reading In the German-speaking countries all street cars and all railway trains sail with battened hatches.

reasonablyadverbUS /ˈriːzənəbli/

to certain extent or degree

From this reading Italy--the northern part of it anyhow--is also reasonably shy of this commodity.

sailverbUS /seɪl/

traverse or travel on (a body of water)

From this reading In the German-speaking countries all street cars and all railway trains sail with battened hatches.

secondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

shyverbUS /ʃaɪ/

start suddenly, as from fright

From this reading Italy--the northern part of it anyhow--is also reasonably shy of this commodity.

simpleadjectiveUS /ˈsɪmpəl/

having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

sleepingnounUS /ˈsliːpɪŋ/

the state of being asleep

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

streetnounUS /striːt/

a thoroughfare (usually including sidewalks) that is lined with buildings

From this reading In the German-speaking countries all street cars and all railway trains sail with battened hatches.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading Austria has no fresh air at all--never did have any, and therefore has never felt the need of having any.

ThirtynounUS /ˈθɜːrdiː/

the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Italy--the northern part of it anyhow--is also reasonably shy of this commodity.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

touristnounUS /ˈtʊrəst/

someone who travels for pleasure

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

trainsnounUS /treɪnz/

plural of “train” — public transport provided by a line of railway cars coupled together and drawn by a locomotive

From this reading In the German-speaking countries all street cars and all railway trains sail with battened hatches.

tryingadjectiveUS /ˈtraɪɪŋ/

hard to endure

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

WarnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

windownounUS /ˈwɪndoʊ/

a framework of wood or metal that contains a glass windowpane and is built into a wall or roof to admit light or air

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading In the German-speaking countries all street cars and all railway trains sail with battened hatches.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading In their palmiest days the Jimmy Hope gang could not have opened a window in a German sleeping car--not without blasting; and trying to open a window in the ordinary first or second class carriage provides healthful exercise for an American tourist, while affording a cheap and simple form of amusement for his fellow passengers.

YearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Jacques, the Forsaken In Germany the last fresh air was used during the Thirty Years' War, and there has since been no demand for any.

Chapter 4 of Europe Revised by Irvin S. (Irvin Shrewsbury) Cobb holds 159 sentences, grouped into 32 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Europe Revised contain?

Chapter 4 holds 159 sentences of Europe Revised, unabridged, divided into 32 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Europe Revised by Irvin S. (Irvin Shrewsbury) Cobb exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 159 sentences, grouped into 32 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Europe Revised?

Work through the 32 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 32 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Europe Revised

Common questions about reading Europe Revised by Irvin S. (Irvin Shrewsbury) Cobb on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Europe Revised?

Yes. All 3562 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #4551 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Europe Revised is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #4551, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Europe Revised take to read?

About 296 minutes of reading across 713 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Europe Revised section by section

How to work through Europe Revised section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 25 chapters of Europe Revised to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Europe Revised

Words and structures a reader meets early in Europe Revised, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Going
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Europe Revised; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Foreword
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Europe Revised; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Always
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Europe Revised; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Seemed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Europe Revised; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.