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Excursions
Excursions

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Excursions is here in full — 392 sentences across 79 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/78 · 5 lines
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I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in this case.
One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.
Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.
After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.
As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Excursions

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Excursions is here in full — 392 sentences across 79 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/78 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in this case.
/aɪ kənˈfes aɪ wɑːz sərˈpraɪzd tuː faɪnd maɪ ˈθɪri soʊ ˈpɜːrfəktli pruːvd ɪn ðɪs keɪs/
Line 2
One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.
/wʌn ʌv ðə ˈprɪnsəpəl ˈeɪdʒənts ɪn ðɪs ˈplæntɪŋ ðə red ˈskwɜːrəlz wɜːr ɔːl ðə waɪl ˈkjʊriəsli ˌɪnˈspektɪŋ miː waɪl aɪ wɑːz ˌɪnˈspektɪŋ ðer ˌplænˈteɪʃən/
Line 3
Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.
/sʌm ʌv ðə ˈlɪtəl oʊks hæd bɪn braʊzd baɪ kaʊz wɪtʃ rɪˈzɔːrtɪd tuː ðɪs wʊd fɔːr ʃeɪd/
Line 4
After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.
/ˈæftər ˈsevən ɔːr eɪt jɪrz ðə hɑːrd wʊdz ˈevədəntli faɪnd sʌtʃ ə loʊˈkæləti ˌʌnˈfeɪvərəbəl tuː ðer ɡroʊθ ðə paɪnz ˈbiːɪŋ əˈlaʊd tuː stænd/
Line 5
As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

browsed verb US /braʊzd/

past form of “browse” — shop around; not necessarily buying

From this reading “Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.”

diseased adjective US /dɪˈziːzd/

caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology

From this reading “As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.”

inspecting verb US /ˌɪnˈspektɪŋ/

-ing form of “inspect” — look over carefully

From this reading “One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.”

maple noun US /ˈmeɪpəl/

wood of any of various maple trees; especially the hard close-grained wood of the sugar maple; used especially for furniture and flooring

From this reading “As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.”

planting noun US /ˈplæntɪŋ/

the act of fixing firmly in place

From this reading “One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.”

resorted verb US /rɪˈzɔːrtɪd/

past form of “resort” — have recourse to

From this reading “Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.”

squirrels noun US /ˈskwɜːrəlz/

plural of “squirrel” — a kind of arboreal rodent having a long bushy tail

From this reading “One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.”

unfavorable adjective US /ˌʌnˈfeɪvərəbəl/

not encouraging or approving or pleasing

From this reading “After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.”

All words in this reading · 82

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

AfterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

agentsnounUS /ˈeɪdʒənts/

plural of “agent” — an active and efficient cause; capable of producing a certain effect

From this reading One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.

allowedverbUS /əˈlaʊd/

past form of “allow” — make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

browsedverbUS /braʊzd/

past form of “browse” — shop around; not necessarily buying

From this reading Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.

casenounUS /keɪs/

an occurrence of something

From this reading I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in this case.

confessverbUS /kənˈfes/

confess to a punishable or reprehensible deed, usually under pressure

From this reading I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in this case.

coveredadjectiveUS /ˈkʌvərd/

overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

cowsnounUS /kaʊz/

domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age

From this reading Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.

curiouslyadverbUS /ˈkjʊriəsli/

in a manner differing from the usual or expected

From this reading One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.

diseasedadjectiveUS /dɪˈziːzd/

caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

eightadjectiveUS /eɪt/

being one more than seven

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

evidencenounUS /ˈevədəns/

your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

evidentlyadverbUS /ˈevədəntli/

unmistakably (“plain” is often used informally for “plainly”)

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

feetnounUS /fiːt/

plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in this case.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.

greennounUS /ɡriːn/

green color or pigment; resembling the color of growing grass

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

growthnounUS /ɡroʊθ/

(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.

hardadjectiveUS /hɑːrd/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in this case.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in this case.

inspectingverbUS /ˌɪnˈspektɪŋ/

-ing form of “inspect” — look over carefully

From this reading One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

leavesnounUS /liːvz/

plural of “leaf” — the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.

localitynounUS /loʊˈkæləti/

a surrounding or nearby region

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

maplenounUS /ˈmeɪpəl/

wood of any of various maple trees; especially the hard close-grained wood of the sugar maple; used especially for furniture and flooring

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in this case.

oaksnounUS /oʊks/

plural of “oak” — the hard durable wood of any oak; used especially for furniture and flooring

From this reading Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.

observedadjectiveUS /əbˈzɜːrvd/

discovered or determined by scientific observation

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

perfectlyadverbUS /ˈpɜːrfəktli/

completely and without qualification; used informally as intensifiers

From this reading I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in this case.

pinesnounUS /paɪnz/

plural of “pine” — a coniferous tree

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

plantationnounUS /ˌplænˈteɪʃən/

an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale (especially in tropical areas)

From this reading One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.

plantingnounUS /ˈplæntɪŋ/

the act of fixing firmly in place

From this reading One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.

positionnounUS /pəˈzɪʃən/

the particular portion of space occupied by something

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

principalnounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəl/

the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated

From this reading One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.

prostrated

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

provedadjectiveUS /pruːvd/

established beyond doubt

From this reading I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in this case.

recentlyadverbUS /ˈriːsəntli/

in the recent past

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

rednounUS /red/

red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood

From this reading One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.

red-maple

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

resortedverbUS /rɪˈzɔːrtɪd/

past form of “resort” — have recourse to

From this reading Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.

sevennounUS /ˈsevən/

the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

shadenounUS /ʃeɪd/

relative darkness caused by light rays being intercepted by an opaque body

From this reading Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in this case.

SomeadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.

squirrelsnounUS /ˈskwɜːrəlz/

plural of “squirrel” — a kind of arboreal rodent having a long bushy tail

From this reading One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.

standverbUS /stænd/

be standing; be upright

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

surprisedadjectiveUS /sərˈpraɪzd/

taken unawares or suddenly and feeling wonder or astonishment

From this reading I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in this case.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.

theorynounUS /ˈθɪri/

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena

From this reading I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in this case.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in this case.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in this case.

twenty-fiveadjectiveUS /ˈtwentifaɪv/

being five more than twenty

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

unfavorableadjectiveUS /ˌʌnˈfeɪvərəbəl/

not encouraging or approving or pleasing

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in this case.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading One of the principal agents in this planting, the red squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was inspecting their plantation.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.

woodnounUS /wʊd/

the hard fibrous lignified substance under the bark of trees

From this reading Some of the little oaks had been browsed by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.

woodsnounUS /wʊdz/

the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.

Chapter 4 of Excursions by Henry David Thoreau holds 392 sentences, grouped into 79 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Excursions contain?

Chapter 4 holds 392 sentences of Excursions, unabridged, divided into 79 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Excursions by Henry David Thoreau exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 392 sentences, grouped into 79 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Excursions?

Work through the 79 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 79 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Excursions

Common questions about reading Excursions by Henry David Thoreau on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Excursions?

Yes. All 2769 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #9846 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Excursions is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #9846, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Excursions take to read?

About 230 minutes of reading across 554 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Excursions section by section

How to work through Excursions section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 7 chapters of Excursions to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Excursions

Words and structures a reader meets early in Excursions, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Henry
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Excursions; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
David
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Excursions; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Thoreau
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Excursions; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Descendant
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Excursions; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.