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Exploration of Aïr
Exploration of Aïr

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of Exploration of Aïr is here in full — 66 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/13 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE SHORES OF BUSHLAND AND DESERT Toward the end of February I left Zinder.
Takoukout, 109 miles farther on, was to be my next camping-place.
Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.
In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.
Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Exploration of Aïr

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of Exploration of Aïr is here in full — 66 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/13 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE SHORES OF BUSHLAND AND DESERT Toward the end of February I left Zinder.
Line 2
Takoukout, 109 miles farther on, was to be my next camping-place.
Line 3
Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.
Line 4
In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.
Line 5
Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

confronting verb US /kənˈfrʌntɪŋ/

-ing form of “confront” — oppose, as in hostility or a competition

From this reading “Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.”

discouraging adjective US /dɪˈskɜːrədʒɪŋ/

depriving of confidence or hope or enthusiasm and hence often deterring action

From this reading “Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.”

drawbacks noun US /ˈdrɔːbæks/

plural of “drawback” — the quality of being a hindrance

From this reading “Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.”

fearsome adjective US /ˈfɪrsəm/

causing fear or dread or terror

From this reading “In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.”

Hausa noun US /ˈhaʊsə/

a member of a Negroid people living chiefly in northern Nigeria

From this reading “Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.”

restive adjective US /ˈrestɪv/

being in a tense state

From this reading “Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.”

scarcity noun US /ˈskersɪti/

a small and inadequate amount

From this reading “Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.”

unnerved adjective US /ənˈnɜːrvd/

deprived of courage and strength

From this reading “In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

Before leaving preposition + noun

In this reading “Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.”

Toward the end preposition + article + noun counted as “toward … end”

In this reading “THE SHORES OF BUSHLAND AND DESERT Toward the end of February I left Zinder.”

go forward verb + particle

move ahead; travel onward in time or space

In this reading “In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.”

lay ahead verb + particle

In this reading “Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.”

In fact preposition + noun

in reality or actuality

In this reading “In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.”

by the aid preposition + article + noun counted as “by … aid”

In this reading “Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.”

All words in this reading · 108

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

109

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Takoukout, 109 miles farther on, was to be my next camping-place.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

ableadjectiveUS /ˈeɪbəl/

(usually followed by “to”) having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something

From this reading Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.

aheadadverbUS /əˈhed/

at or in the front

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

aidnounUS /eɪd/

a person or thing that is a resource that helps make something easier or possible to do

From this reading Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE SHORES OF BUSHLAND AND DESERT Toward the end of February I left Zinder.

armedadjectiveUS /ɑːrmd/

(used of persons or the military) characterized by having or bearing arms

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

Aïr

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Takoukout, 109 miles farther on, was to be my next camping-place.

BeforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

boysnounUS /bɔɪz/

plural of “boy” — a youthful male person

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

BUSHLAND

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE SHORES OF BUSHLAND AND DESERT Toward the end of February I left Zinder.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

camping-place

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Takoukout, 109 miles farther on, was to be my next camping-place.

confrontingverbUS /kənˈfrʌntɪŋ/

-ing form of “confront” — oppose, as in hostility or a competition

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

continueverbUS /kənˈtɪnjuː/

continue a certain state, condition, or activity

From this reading Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.

decidedadjectiveUS /ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd/

recognizable; marked

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

deeming

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

DESERTverbUS /ˈdezərt/

leave someone who needs or counts on you; leave in the lurch

From this reading THE SHORES OF BUSHLAND AND DESERT Toward the end of February I left Zinder.

discouragingadjectiveUS /dɪˈskɜːrədʒɪŋ/

depriving of confidence or hope or enthusiasm and hence often deterring action

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

drawbacksnounUS /ˈdrɔːbæks/

plural of “drawback” — the quality of being a hindrance

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

drewnounUS /druː/

United States actor (born in Ireland); father of Georgiana Emma Barrymore (1827-1862)

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading THE SHORES OF BUSHLAND AND DESERT Toward the end of February I left Zinder.

EuropeansnounUS /ˌjʊrəˈpiːənz/

plural of “european” — a native or inhabitant of Europe

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

existingadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzɪstɪŋ/

presently existing

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

exploitsnounUS /ˈeksplɔɪts/

plural of “exploit” — a notable achievement

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

extentnounUS /ɪkˈstent/

the point or degree to which something extends

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

factnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

fartheradjectiveUS /ˈfɑːrðər/

more distant in especially space or time

From this reading Takoukout, 109 miles farther on, was to be my next camping-place.

fearsomeadjectiveUS /ˈfɪrsəm/

causing fear or dread or terror

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

FebruarynounUS /ˈfebjəweri/

the month following January and preceding March

From this reading THE SHORES OF BUSHLAND AND DESERT Toward the end of February I left Zinder.

foodnounUS /fuːd/

any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

forwardadverbUS /ˈfɔːrwərd/

at or to or toward the front

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

freelyadverbUS /ˈfriːli/

in a free manner

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

furtheradverbUS /ˈfɜːrðər/

to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (“further” is used more often than “farther” in this abstract sense)

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

goverbUS /ɡoʊ/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

growingnounUS /ˈɡroʊɪŋ/

(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

HausanounUS /ˈhaʊsə/

a member of a Negroid people living chiefly in northern Nigeria

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.

heardadjectiveUS /hɜːrd/

detected or perceived by the sense of hearing

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

helpfuladjectiveUS /ˈhelpfəl/

providing assistance or serving a useful function

From this reading Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading THE SHORES OF BUSHLAND AND DESERT Toward the end of February I left Zinder.

idleadjectiveUS /ˈaɪdəl/

not in action or at work

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

increasedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkriːst/

made greater in size or amount or degree

From this reading Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.

induceverbUS /ˌɪnˈduːs/

cause to arise

From this reading Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

journeyverbUS /ˈdʒɜːrni/

undertake a journey or trip

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

Kano

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

layverbUS /leɪ/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

leavingnounUS /ˈliːvɪŋ/

the act of departing

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading THE SHORES OF BUSHLAND AND DESERT Toward the end of February I left Zinder.

letauxiliary verbUS /let/

used to make a suggestion or a command including the speaker

From this reading Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.

loathadjectiveUS /loʊθ/

unwillingness to do something contrary to your custom

From this reading Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

milesnounUS /maɪlz/

plural of “mile” — a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet; exactly 1609.344 meters

From this reading Takoukout, 109 miles farther on, was to be my next camping-place.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

MonanounUS /ˈmoʊnə/

an island to the northwest of Wales

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading Takoukout, 109 miles farther on, was to be my next camping-place.

nativesnounUS /ˈneɪtɪvz/

plural of “native” — an indigenous person who was born in a particular place

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

nearadverbUS /nɪr/

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

newsnounUS /nuːz/

information about recent and important events

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

nextadjectiveUS /nekst/

immediately following in time or order

From this reading Takoukout, 109 miles farther on, was to be my next camping-place.

notenounUS /noʊt/

a brief written record

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE SHORES OF BUSHLAND AND DESERT Toward the end of February I left Zinder.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Takoukout, 109 miles farther on, was to be my next camping-place.

plentynounUS /ˈplenti/

a full supply

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

restiveadjectiveUS /ˈrestɪv/

being in a tense state

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

robbersnounUS /ˈrɒb.ərz/

Persons who steal from a person or place, especially using violence or threats.

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

rumoursnounUS /ˈruːmərz/

plural of “rumour” — gossip (usually a mixture of truth and untruth) passed around by word of mouth

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

Sakari

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.

scarcitynounUS /ˈskersɪti/

a small and inadequate amount

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

sendverbUS /send/

cause to go somewhere

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

SHORESnounUS /ʃɔːrz/

plural of “shore” — the land along the edge of a body of water

From this reading THE SHORES OF BUSHLAND AND DESERT Toward the end of February I left Zinder.

skinning

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.

spokenadjectiveUS /ˈspoʊkən/

uttered through the medium of speech or characterized by speech; sometimes used in combination

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

statenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

suspiciousadjectiveUS /səˈspɪʃəs/

openly distrustful and unwilling to confide

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

Takoukout

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Takoukout, 109 miles farther on, was to be my next camping-place.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE SHORES OF BUSHLAND AND DESERT Toward the end of February I left Zinder.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Takoukout, 109 miles farther on, was to be my next camping-place.

TowardprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrd/

in the direction of

From this reading THE SHORES OF BUSHLAND AND DESERT Toward the end of February I left Zinder.

unnervedadjectiveUS /ənˈnɜːrvd/

deprived of courage and strength

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

unsettledadjectiveUS /ənˈsetəld/

still in doubt

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

uselessadjectiveUS /ˈjuːsləs/

having no beneficial use or incapable of functioning usefully

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

visitingnounUS /ˈvɪzɪtɪŋ/

the activity of making visits

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

wagesnounUS /ˈweɪdʒəz/

a recompense for worthy acts or retribution for wrongdoing

From this reading Sakari was little better, but he was so helpful in skinning, that I was loath to let him go, and by the aid of increased wages was able to induce him to continue.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Takoukout, 109 miles farther on, was to be my next camping-place.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Before leaving Zinder I heard plenty of discouraging news of the journey confronting me: exploits of armed robbers and great scarcity of food were freely spoken of, by both Europeans and natives, as existing drawbacks to visiting Aïr; and I began to note that my Hausa boys were growing restive and suspicious of what lay ahead.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading In fact, in the end those fearsome but idle rumours unsettled and unnerved Mona to such an extent that, when the time drew near to go forward, I decided to send him back to Kano, deeming it useless to take him further in such a state of mind.

Zinder

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE SHORES OF BUSHLAND AND DESERT Toward the end of February I left Zinder.

Chapter 7 of Exploration of Aïr by Angus Buchanan holds 66 sentences, grouped into 14 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of Exploration of Aïr contain?

Chapter 7 holds 66 sentences of Exploration of Aïr, unabridged, divided into 14 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of Exploration of Aïr by Angus Buchanan exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 66 sentences, grouped into 14 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of Exploration of Aïr?

Work through the 14 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 14 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Exploration of Aïr

Common questions about reading Exploration of Aïr by Angus Buchanan on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Exploration of Aïr?

Yes. All 1695 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #70323 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Exploration of Aïr is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #70323, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Exploration of Aïr take to read?

About 141 minutes of reading across 339 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Exploration of Aïr section by section

How to work through Exploration of Aïr section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 16 chapters of Exploration of Aïr to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Exploration of Aïr

Words and structures a reader meets early in Exploration of Aïr, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Author--
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Exploration of Aïr; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Canada
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Exploration of Aïr; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Numerous
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Exploration of Aïr; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Photographs
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Exploration of Aïr; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.