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Familiar Letters — Volume 06
Familiar Letters — Volume 06

Chapter IX

Chapter 9 of Familiar Letters — Volume 06 is here in full — 391 sentences across 79 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Familiar Letters — Volume 06
Context Illustration Reading 1/78 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.
An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.
He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.
If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.
It is the art of mankind to polish the world, and every one who works is scrubbing in some part.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Familiar Letters — Volume 06

Chapter IX

Chapter 9 of Familiar Letters — Volume 06 is here in full — 391 sentences across 79 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/78 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.
Line 2
An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.
Line 3
He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.
Line 4
If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.
Line 5
It is the art of mankind to polish the world, and every one who works is scrubbing in some part.
/ɪt ɪz ðə ɑːrt ʌv ˈmænˈkaɪnd tuː ˈpɑːlɪʃ ðə wɜːrld ənd ˈevəri wʌn huː wɜːrks ɪz ˈskrʌbɪŋ ɪn sʌm pɑːrt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

besiege verb US /bɪˈsiːdʒ/

surround so as to force to give up

From this reading “If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.”

celestial adjective US /səˈlestʃəl/

of or relating to the sky

From this reading “If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.”

eats noun US /iːts/

informal terms for a meal

From this reading “He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.”

endeavoring verb US /ɪnˈdevərɪŋ/

-ing form of “endeavor” — attempt by employing effort

From this reading “An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.”

joints noun US /dʒɔɪnts/

plural of “joint” — (anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion)

From this reading “He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.”

milks noun US /mɪlks/

plural of “milk” — a white nutritious liquid secreted by mammals and used as food by human beings

From this reading “He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.”

scrubbing noun US /ˈskrʌbɪŋ/

the act of cleaning a surface by rubbing it with a brush and soap and water

From this reading “It is the art of mankind to polish the world, and every one who works is scrubbing in some part.”

teats noun US /tiːts/

plural of “teat” — the small projection of a mammary gland

From this reading “If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

half past adjective + noun

In this reading “He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.”

New World adjective + noun

the hemisphere that includes North America and South America

In this reading “An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.”

past four noun + noun

In this reading “He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.”

of mankind preposition + noun

In this reading “It is the art of mankind to polish the world, and every one who works is scrubbing in some part.”

deal with verb + particle

In this reading “If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.”

for six preposition + noun

In this reading “He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.”

after day preposition + noun

In this reading “He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.”

All words in this reading · 119

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

ableadjectiveUS /ˈeɪbəl/

(usually followed by “to”) having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

addverbUS /æd/

make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

Admetus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

afterwardadverbUS /ˈæftərwərd/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.

allowedverbUS /əˈlaʊd/

past form of “allow” — make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen

From this reading If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.

AndeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

artauxiliary verbUS /ɑːrt/

an old form of “are”, used with “thou”

From this reading It is the art of mankind to polish the world, and every one who works is scrubbing in some part.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

assistverbUS /əˈsɪst/

give help or assistance; be of service

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

besiegeverbUS /bɪˈsiːdʒ/

surround so as to force to give up

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

breakfastverbUS /ˈbrekfəst/

eat an early morning meal

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.

casenounUS /keɪs/

an occurrence of something

From this reading If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.

celestialadjectiveUS /səˈlestʃəl/

of or relating to the sky

From this reading If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.

citynounUS /ˈsɪti/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

coffeenounUS /ˈkɑːfi/

a beverage consisting of an infusion of ground coffee beans

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

cowsnounUS /kaʊz/

domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

dealverbUS /diːl/

act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression

From this reading If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.

doesauxiliary verbUS /dʌz/

the form of “do” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

dollarsnounUS /ˈdɑːlərz/

plural of “dollar” — the basic monetary unit in many countries; equal to 100 cents

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

eatsnounUS /iːts/

informal terms for a meal

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

endeavoringverbUS /ɪnˈdevərɪŋ/

-ing form of “endeavor” — attempt by employing effort

From this reading An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.

enginesnounUS /ˈendʒənz/

plural of “engine” — motor that converts thermal energy to mechanical work

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading It is the art of mankind to polish the world, and every one who works is scrubbing in some part.

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.

fashionnounUS /ˈfæʃən/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

fingersnounUS /ˈfɪŋɡərz/

plural of “finger” — any of the terminal members of the hand (sometimes excepting the thumb)

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

flocksnounUS /flɑːks/

plural of “flock” — a church congregation guided by a pastor

From this reading If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

garrisonnounUS /ˈɡærɪsən/

a fortified military post where troops are stationed

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

gentlemannounUS /ˈdʒentəlmən/

a man of refinement

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

getverbUS /ɡet/

come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.

GodnounUS /ɡɑːd/

the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

goingnounUS /ˈɡoʊɪŋ/

the act of departing

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

halfadjectiveUS /hæf/

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

harderadverbUS /ˈhɑːrdər/

comparative of “hard” — with effort or force or vigor

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

herdsnounUS /hɜːrdz/

plural of “herd” — a group of cattle or sheep or other domestic mammals all of the same kind that are herded by humans

From this reading If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

IrishmannounUS /ˈaɪrɪʃmən/

a man who is a native or inhabitant of Ireland

From this reading An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

jointsnounUS /dʒɔɪnts/

plural of “joint” — (anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion)

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

keepsnounUS /kiːps/

plural of “keep” — the financial means whereby one lives

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

mankindnounUS /ˈmænˈkaɪnd/

all of the living human inhabitants of the earth

From this reading It is the art of mankind to polish the world, and every one who works is scrubbing in some part.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.

milknounUS /mɪlk/

a white nutritious liquid secreted by mammals and used as food by human beings

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

milkernoun

cattle that are reared for their milk

From this reading If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.

milksnounUS /mɪlks/

plural of “milk” — a white nutritious liquid secreted by mammals and used as food by human beings

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

monthnounUS /mʌnθ/

one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading It is the art of mankind to polish the world, and every one who works is scrubbing in some part.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading It is the art of mankind to polish the world, and every one who works is scrubbing in some part.

pastnounUS /pæst/

the time that has elapsed

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

polishnounUS /ˈpɑːlɪʃ/

the property of being smooth and shiny

From this reading It is the art of mankind to polish the world, and every one who works is scrubbing in some part.

preparedadjectiveUS /priˈperd/

made ready or fit or suitable beforehand

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

provisionsnounUS /prəˈvɪʒənz/

a stock or supply of foods

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

regardsnounUS /rɪˈɡɑːrdz/

plural of “regard” — (usually preceded by “in”) a detail or point

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

risesnounUS /ˈraɪzəz/

plural of “rise” — a growth in strength or number or importance

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.

scrubbingnounUS /ˈskrʌbɪŋ/

the act of cleaning a surface by rubbing it with a brush and soap and water

From this reading It is the art of mankind to polish the world, and every one who works is scrubbing in some part.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.

sixnounUS /sɪks/

the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.

starveverbUS /stɑːrv/

be hungry; go without food

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

strongadjectiveUS /strɔːŋ/

having strength or power greater than average or expected

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

swollenadjectiveUS /ˈswoʊlən/

characteristic of false pride; having an exaggerated sense of self-importance

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

teanounUS /tiː/

a beverage made by steeping tea leaves in water

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

teatsnounUS /tiːts/

plural of “teat” — the small projection of a mammary gland

From this reading If my joints are not swollen, it must be because I deal with the teats of celestial cows before breakfast (and the milker in this case is always allowed some of the milk for his breakfast), to say nothing of the flocks and herds of Admetus afterward.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.

thusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

to-day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.

twenty-eightnoun

the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-seven and one

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

virtuenounUS /ˈvɝː.tʃuː/

Moral excellence and goodness of character; the highest human attainment in Stoic philosophy.

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

workingadjectiveUS /ˈwɜːrkɪŋ/

actively engaged in paid work

From this reading He rises at half past four, milks twenty-eight cows (which has swollen the joints of his fingers), and eats his breakfast, without any milk in his tea or coffee, before six; and so on, day after day, for six and a half dollars a month; and thus he keeps his virtue in him, if he does not add to it; and he regards me as a gentleman able to assist him; but if I ever get to be a gentleman, it will be by working after my fashion harder than he does.

worksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading It is the art of mankind to polish the world, and every one who works is scrubbing in some part.

WorldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading An Irishman came to see me to-day, who is endeavoring to get his family out to this New World.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading If you are going into that line,--going to besiege the city of God,--you must not only be strong in engines, but prepared with provisions to starve out the garrison.

Chapter 9 of Familiar Letters — Volume 06 by Henry David Thoreau holds 391 sentences, grouped into 79 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 9 of Familiar Letters — Volume 06 contain?

Chapter 9 holds 391 sentences of Familiar Letters — Volume 06, unabridged, divided into 79 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 9 of Familiar Letters — Volume 06 by Henry David Thoreau exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 391 sentences, grouped into 79 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 9 of Familiar Letters — Volume 06?

Work through the 79 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 79 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 9 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 9 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Familiar Letters — Volume 06

Common questions about reading Familiar Letters — Volume 06 by Henry David Thoreau on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Familiar Letters — Volume 06?

Yes. All 7534 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #43523 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Familiar Letters — Volume 06 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #43523, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Familiar Letters — Volume 06 take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1507 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Familiar Letters — Volume 06 section by section

How to work through Familiar Letters — Volume 06 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 19 chapters of Familiar Letters — Volume 06 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Familiar Letters — Volume 06

Words and structures a reader meets early in Familiar Letters — Volume 06, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Italic
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Familiar Letters — Volume 06; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Denoted
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Familiar Letters — Volume 06; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Underscores
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Familiar Letters — Volume 06; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Equal
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Familiar Letters — Volume 06; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.