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Fashion and Famine
Fashion and Famine

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of Fashion and Famine is here in full — 79 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/15 · 5 lines
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THE TOMBS LAWYER.
As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.
Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.
Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.
Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Fashion and Famine

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of Fashion and Famine is here in full — 79 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/15 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE TOMBS LAWYER.
/ðə tuːmz ˈlɔːjər/
Line 2
As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.
/æz ˈreptaɪlz hɔːnt ə ˈprɪzən wɔːl ənd sɜːrtʃ ɪts ˈbroʊkən klɪfs fɔːr fuːd sʌm ˈhjuːmən ˈbiːɪŋz krɪndʒ ənd krɔːl fɔːr ˈdeɪli bred wer ˈsɑːroʊz bruːd/
Line 3
Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.
/ˈmɪsɪz ɡreɪ faʊnd mɔːr ˈdɪfəkəlti ɪn pərˈfɔːrmɪŋ hɜːr bəˈnevələnt ˌɪnˈtentʃənz wɪð rɪˈɡɑːrd tuː ðə ˈwɔːrənz ðæn ʃiː hæd ˈevər bɪˈfɔːr ɪnˈkaʊntərd/
Line 4
Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.
/ˈɪɡnərənt æz ə tʃaɪld ʌv ɔːl ˈliːɡəl proʊˈsiːdɪŋz ʃiː faʊnd noʊ eɪd ˈiːðər ɪn ðə oʊld ˈprɪzənər hɪz waɪf ɔːr hɪz ˈɡrændtʃaɪld huː wɜːr mɔːr ˌʌnɪnˈfɔːrmd ənd fɑːr les ˈhoʊpfəl ðæn hərˈself/
Line 5
Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.
/hɜːr ˈbrʌðər ˈdʒeɪkəb ɑːn huːm ʃiː hæd dɪˈpendəd fɔːr eɪd ənd ˈkaʊnsəl mʌtʃ tuː hɜːr sərˈpraɪz nɑːt ˈoʊnli rəˈfjuːzd tuː teɪk ˈeni riˌspɑːnsəˈbɪləti ɪn hɜːr kaɪnd ˈefərts bʌt lʊkt ˈkoʊldli əˈpɑːn ðə hoʊl əˈfer/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

brood verb US /bruːd/

think moodily or anxiously about something

From this reading “As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.”

cringe verb US /krɪndʒ/

draw back, as with fear or pain

From this reading “As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.”

grandchild noun US /ˈɡrændtʃaɪld/

a child of your son or daughter

From this reading “Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.”

performing noun US /pərˈfɔːrmɪŋ/

the performance of a part or role in a drama

From this reading “Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.”

reptiles noun US /ˈreptaɪlz/

plural of “reptile” — any cold-blooded vertebrate of the class Reptilia including tortoises, turtles, snakes, lizards, alligators, crocodiles, and extinct forms

From this reading “As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.”

tombs noun US /tuːmz/

plural of “tomb” — a place for the burial of a corpse (especially beneath the ground and marked by a tombstone)

From this reading “THE TOMBS LAWYER.”

uninformed adjective US /ˌʌnɪnˈfɔːrmd/

not informed; lacking in knowledge or information

From this reading “Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.”

Warrens noun US /ˈwɔːrənz/

plural of “warren” — United States writer and poet (1905-1989)

From this reading “Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

legal proceedings adjective + noun

In this reading “Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.”

daily bread noun + noun

In this reading “As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.”

whole affair adjective + noun

In this reading “Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.”

prison wall noun + noun

In this reading “As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.”

looked coldly verb + particle counted as “look coldly”

In this reading “Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.”

with regard preposition + noun

In this reading “Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.”

for food preposition + noun

In this reading “As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.”

take any verb + adjective

In this reading “Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.”

All words in this reading · 90

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

affairnounUS /əˈfer/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

aidnounUS /eɪd/

a person or thing that is a resource that helps make something easier or possible to do

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

AndconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

beingsnounUS /ˈbiːɪŋz/

plural of “being” — the state or fact of existing

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

benevolentadjectiveUS /bəˈnevələnt/

intending or showing kindness

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

breadnounUS /bred/

food made from dough of flour or meal and usually raised with yeast or baking powder and then baked

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

brokenadjectiveUS /ˈbroʊkən/

physically and forcibly separated into pieces or cracked or split

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

broodverbUS /bruːd/

think moodily or anxiously about something

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

brothernounUS /ˈbrʌðər/

a male with the same parents as someone else

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

childnounUS /tʃaɪld/

a young person of either sex

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

cliffsnounUS /klɪfs/

plural of “cliff” — a steep high face of rock

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

coldlyadverbUS /ˈkoʊldli/

lacking warmth of feeling; in a cold, unemotional manner

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

counselnounUS /ˈkaʊnsəl/

a lawyer who pleads cases in court

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

crawlverbUS /krɔːl/

move slowly; in the case of people or animals with the body near the ground

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

cringeverbUS /krɪndʒ/

draw back, as with fear or pain

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

dailyadverbUS /ˈdeɪli/

every day; without missing a day

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

dependedverbUS /dɪˈpendəd/

past form of “depend” — be contingent upon (something that is elided)

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

difficultynounUS /ˈdɪfəkəlti/

an effort that is inconvenient

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

effortsnounUS /ˈefərts/

plural of “effort” — earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

encounteredverbUS /ɪnˈkaʊntərd/

past form of “encounter” — come together

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

foodnounUS /fuːd/

any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

grandchildnounUS /ˈɡrændtʃaɪld/

a child of your son or daughter

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

GraynounUS /ɡreɪ/

a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

hauntverbUS /hɔːnt/

follow stealthily or recur constantly and spontaneously to

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

herselfpronounUS /hərˈself/

used when the woman or girl doing the action is also its object

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

hopefuladjectiveUS /ˈhoʊpfəl/

having or manifesting hope

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

IgnorantadjectiveUS /ˈɪɡnərənt/

uneducated in general; lacking knowledge or sophistication

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

intentionsnounUS /ˌɪnˈtentʃənz/

plural of “intention” — an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

JacobnounUS /ˈdʒeɪkəb/

French biochemist who (with Jacques Monod) studied regulatory processes in cells (born in 1920)

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

LAWYERnounUS /ˈlɔːjər/

a professional person authorized to practice law; conducts lawsuits or gives legal advice

From this reading THE TOMBS LAWYER.

legaladjectiveUS /ˈliːɡəl/

established by or founded upon law or official or accepted rules

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

lookedverbUS /lʊkt/

past form of “look” — perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

MrsnounUS /ˈmɪsɪz/

a form of address for a married woman

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

performingnounUS /pərˈfɔːrmɪŋ/

the performance of a part or role in a drama

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

prisonnounUS /ˈprɪzən/

a correctional institution where persons are confined while on trial or for punishment

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

prisonernounUS /ˈprɪzənər/

a person who is confined; especially a prisoner of war

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

proceedingsnounUS /proʊˈsiːdɪŋz/

(law) the institution of a sequence of steps by which legal judgments are invoked

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

refusedverbUS /rəˈfjuːzd/

past form of “refuse” — show unwillingness towards

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

regardnounUS /rɪˈɡɑːrd/

(usually preceded by “in”) a detail or point

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

reptilesnounUS /ˈreptaɪlz/

plural of “reptile” — any cold-blooded vertebrate of the class Reptilia including tortoises, turtles, snakes, lizards, alligators, crocodiles, and extinct forms

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

responsibilitynounUS /riˌspɑːnsəˈbɪləti/

the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

searchverbUS /sɜːrtʃ/

try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

SomeadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

sorrowsnounUS /ˈsɑːroʊz/

plural of “sorrow” — an emotion of great sadness associated with loss or bereavement

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

surprisenounUS /sərˈpraɪz/

the astonishment you feel when something totally unexpected happens to you

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE TOMBS LAWYER.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

TOMBSnounUS /tuːmz/

plural of “tomb” — a place for the burial of a corpse (especially beneath the ground and marked by a tombstone)

From this reading THE TOMBS LAWYER.

uninformedadjectiveUS /ˌʌnɪnˈfɔːrmd/

not informed; lacking in knowledge or information

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

wallnounUS /wɔːl/

an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

WarrensnounUS /ˈwɔːrənz/

plural of “warren” — United States writer and poet (1905-1989)

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading As reptiles haunt a prison wall, And search its broken cliffs for food; Some human beings cringe and crawl For daily bread where sorrows brood.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Her brother Jacob, on whom she had depended for aid and counsel, much to her surprise, not only refused to take any responsibility in her kind efforts, but looked coldly upon the whole affair.

wifenounUS /waɪf/

a married woman; a man's partner in marriage

From this reading Ignorant as a child of all legal proceedings, she found no aid either in the old prisoner, his wife, or his grandchild, who were more uninformed and far less hopeful than herself.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Mrs. Gray found more difficulty in performing her benevolent intentions with regard to the Warrens, than she had ever before encountered.

Chapter 31 of Fashion and Famine by Ann S. (Ann Sophia) Stephens holds 79 sentences, grouped into 16 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of Fashion and Famine contain?

Chapter 31 holds 79 sentences of Fashion and Famine, unabridged, divided into 16 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of Fashion and Famine by Ann S. (Ann Sophia) Stephens exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 79 sentences, grouped into 16 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of Fashion and Famine?

Work through the 16 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 16 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Fashion and Famine

Common questions about reading Fashion and Famine by Ann S. (Ann Sophia) Stephens on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Fashion and Famine?

Yes. All 7456 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #40114 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Fashion and Famine is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #40114, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Fashion and Famine take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1492 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Fashion and Famine section by section

How to work through Fashion and Famine section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 39 chapters of Fashion and Famine to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Fashion and Famine

Words and structures a reader meets early in Fashion and Famine, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Fashion
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fashion and Famine; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Famine
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fashion and Famine; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Stephens
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fashion and Famine; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sorrow
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fashion and Famine; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.