Chapter 4 of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners is here in full — 681 sentences across 137 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.
A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.
Chapter IV
Chapter 4 of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners is here in full — 681 sentences across 137 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.
Heat. Sources of Heat. What is heat? Heat is that agent which causes the feeling of warmth. Can heat be seen?
Chapter 4 of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners is here in full — 681 sentences across 137 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.
Reading 1/136 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5
These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.
Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.
an active and efficient cause; capable of producing a certain effect
From this reading “Heat is that agent which causes the feeling of warmth.”
plural of “cause” — events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something
From this reading “Heat is that agent which causes the feeling of warmth.”
the experiencing of affective and emotional states
From this reading “Heat is that agent which causes the feeling of warmth.”
a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature
From this reading “Heat.”
inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight
From this reading “Can heat be seen?”
plural of “source” — the place where something begins, where it springs into being
From this reading “Sources of Heat.”
the sensation caused by heat energy
From this reading “Heat is that agent which causes the feeling of warmth.”
English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.
Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.
Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.
Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.
an active and efficient cause; capable of producing a certain effect
From this reading Heat is that agent which causes the feeling of warmth.
used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses
From this reading Can heat be seen?
to be able to, or to be allowed to
From this reading Can heat be seen?
plural of “cause” — events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something
From this reading Heat is that agent which causes the feeling of warmth.
the experiencing of affective and emotional states
From this reading Heat is that agent which causes the feeling of warmth.
a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature
From this reading Heat.
the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading What is heat?
belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something
From this reading Sources of Heat.
inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight
From this reading Can heat be seen?
plural of “source” — the place where something begins, where it springs into being
From this reading Sources of Heat.
used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt
From this reading Heat is that agent which causes the feeling of warmth.
used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind
From this reading Heat is that agent which causes the feeling of warmth.
the sensation caused by heat energy
From this reading Heat is that agent which causes the feeling of warmth.
used to ask for information about something
From this reading What is heat?
used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned
From this reading Heat is that agent which causes the feeling of warmth.
Chapter 4 of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners by Joseph C. (Joseph Comly) Martindale holds 681 sentences, grouped into 137 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.
Chapter 4 holds 681 sentences of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners, unabridged, divided into 137 reading sections.
This page carries chapter 4 of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners by Joseph C. (Joseph Comly) Martindale exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 681 sentences, grouped into 137 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.
Work through the 137 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.
Each of the 137 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.
Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.
Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.
Common questions about reading First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners by Joseph C. (Joseph Comly) Martindale on this page, its source edition and its audio.
Yes. All 3205 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #53778 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.
Project Gutenberg eBook #53778, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.
About 267 minutes of reading across 641 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.
How to work through First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.
Choose one of the 12 chapters of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners to begin.
Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.
Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.
Words and structures a reader meets early in First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.
