Chapter 7 of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners is here in full — 227 sentences across 46 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.
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Chapter VII
Chapter 7 of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners is here in full — 227 sentences across 46 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.
Sound. When the hands are brought quickly together, what is produced? They produce a shaking or vibration in the air. What is this vibration in the air called? It is called a wave in the air.
Chapter 7 of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners is here in full — 227 sentences across 46 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.
Reading 1/45 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5
These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.
Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.
a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of
From this reading “They produce a shaking or vibration in the air.”
bring forth or yield
From this reading “They produce a shaking or vibration in the air.”
past form of “produce” — bring forth or yield
From this reading “When the hands are brought quickly together, what is produced?”
with speed
From this reading “When the hands are brought quickly together, what is produced?”
the act of causing something to move up and down (or back and forth) with quick movements
From this reading “They produce a shaking or vibration in the air.”
the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause
From this reading “Sound.”
the act of vibrating
From this reading “They produce a shaking or vibration in the air.”
one of a series of ridges that moves across the surface of a liquid (especially across a large body of water)
From this reading “It is called a wave in the air.”
English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.
Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.
on everybody's mind
In this reading “They produce a shaking or vibration in the air.”
Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.
Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.
used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one
From this reading They produce a shaking or vibration in the air.
a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of
From this reading They produce a shaking or vibration in the air.
the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun
From this reading When the hands are brought quickly together, what is produced?
inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere
From this reading When the hands are brought quickly together, what is produced?
past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to
From this reading What is this vibration in the air called?
(with “in”) guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child
From this reading When the hands are brought quickly together, what is produced?
inside something, or within a place, period, or state
From this reading They produce a shaking or vibration in the air.
the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading When the hands are brought quickly together, what is produced?
a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned
From this reading It is called a wave in the air.
used to join alternatives or possibilities
From this reading They produce a shaking or vibration in the air.
bring forth or yield
From this reading They produce a shaking or vibration in the air.
past form of “produce” — bring forth or yield
From this reading When the hands are brought quickly together, what is produced?
with speed
From this reading When the hands are brought quickly together, what is produced?
the act of causing something to move up and down (or back and forth) with quick movements
From this reading They produce a shaking or vibration in the air.
the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause
From this reading Sound.
used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind
From this reading When the hands are brought quickly together, what is produced?
the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject
From this reading They produce a shaking or vibration in the air.
used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned
From this reading What is this vibration in the air called?
in contact with each other or in proximity
From this reading When the hands are brought quickly together, what is produced?
the act of vibrating
From this reading They produce a shaking or vibration in the air.
one of a series of ridges that moves across the surface of a liquid (especially across a large body of water)
From this reading It is called a wave in the air.
used to ask for information about something
From this reading When the hands are brought quickly together, what is produced?
at the time that
From this reading When the hands are brought quickly together, what is produced?
Chapter 7 of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners by Joseph C. (Joseph Comly) Martindale holds 227 sentences, grouped into 46 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.
Chapter 7 holds 227 sentences of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners, unabridged, divided into 46 reading sections.
This page carries chapter 7 of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners by Joseph C. (Joseph Comly) Martindale exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 227 sentences, grouped into 46 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.
Work through the 46 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.
Each of the 46 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.
Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.
Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.
Common questions about reading First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners by Joseph C. (Joseph Comly) Martindale on this page, its source edition and its audio.
Yes. All 3205 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #53778 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.
Project Gutenberg eBook #53778, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.
About 267 minutes of reading across 641 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.
How to work through First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.
Choose one of the 12 chapters of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners to begin.
Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.
Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.
Words and structures a reader meets early in First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.
