Chapter 11 of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners is here in full — 279 sentences across 56 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.
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Chapter XI
Chapter 11 of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners is here in full — 279 sentences across 56 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.
Mechanical Powers. Lever. What is a lever? A _Lever_ is a rod or bar of some kind used for raising weights. Of what are levers made?
Chapter 11 of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners is here in full — 279 sentences across 56 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.
Reading 1/55 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5
These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.
Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.
a room or establishment where alcoholic drinks are served over a counter
From this reading “A _Lever_ is a rod or bar of some kind used for raising weights.”
a rigid bar pivoted about a fulcrum
From this reading “Lever.”
plural of “lever” — a rigid bar pivoted about a fulcrum
From this reading “Of what are levers made?”
using (or as if using) mechanisms or tools or devices
From this reading “Mechanical Powers.”
plural of “power” — possession of controlling influence
From this reading “Mechanical Powers.”
the event of something being raised upward
From this reading “A _Lever_ is a rod or bar of some kind used for raising weights.”
a long thin implement made of metal or wood
From this reading “A _Lever_ is a rod or bar of some kind used for raising weights.”
plural of “weight” — the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity
From this reading “A _Lever_ is a rod or bar of some kind used for raising weights.”
English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.
Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.
Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.
Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.
used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one
From this reading What is a lever?
the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun
From this reading Of what are levers made?
a room or establishment where alcoholic drinks are served over a counter
From this reading A _Lever_ is a rod or bar of some kind used for raising weights.
intended to be given to, or used by, somebody
From this reading A _Lever_ is a rod or bar of some kind used for raising weights.
the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading What is a lever?
having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior
From this reading A _Lever_ is a rod or bar of some kind used for raising weights.
a rigid bar pivoted about a fulcrum
From this reading Lever.
plural of “lever” — a rigid bar pivoted about a fulcrum
From this reading Of what are levers made?
produced by a manufacturing process
From this reading Of what are levers made?
using (or as if using) mechanisms or tools or devices
From this reading Mechanical Powers.
belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something
From this reading A _Lever_ is a rod or bar of some kind used for raising weights.
used to join alternatives or possibilities
From this reading A _Lever_ is a rod or bar of some kind used for raising weights.
plural of “power” — possession of controlling influence
From this reading Mechanical Powers.
the event of something being raised upward
From this reading A _Lever_ is a rod or bar of some kind used for raising weights.
a long thin implement made of metal or wood
From this reading A _Lever_ is a rod or bar of some kind used for raising weights.
(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity
From this reading A _Lever_ is a rod or bar of some kind used for raising weights.
employed in accomplishing something
From this reading A _Lever_ is a rod or bar of some kind used for raising weights.
plural of “weight” — the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity
From this reading A _Lever_ is a rod or bar of some kind used for raising weights.
used to ask for information about something
From this reading What is a lever?
Chapter 11 of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners by Joseph C. (Joseph Comly) Martindale holds 279 sentences, grouped into 56 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.
Chapter 11 holds 279 sentences of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners, unabridged, divided into 56 reading sections.
This page carries chapter 11 of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners by Joseph C. (Joseph Comly) Martindale exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 279 sentences, grouped into 56 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.
Work through the 56 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.
Each of the 56 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.
Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 11 can be played aloud in United States English.
Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.
Common questions about reading First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners by Joseph C. (Joseph Comly) Martindale on this page, its source edition and its audio.
Yes. All 3205 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #53778 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.
Project Gutenberg eBook #53778, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.
About 267 minutes of reading across 641 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.
How to work through First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.
Choose one of the 12 chapters of First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners to begin.
Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.
Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.
Words and structures a reader meets early in First Lessons in Natural Philosophy for Beginners, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.
