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Foes
Foes

Chapter XIX · Chapter 19

Chapter 19 of Foes is here in full — 259 sentences across 52 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/51 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.
Bands of Highlanders watched its gates and accesses, guarding against Hanoverian sallies.
From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.
The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!
It would never do, thought some, to be at this juncture too clamorous either way.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Foes

Chapter XIX · Chapter 19

Chapter 19 of Foes is here in full — 259 sentences across 52 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/51 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.
Line 2
Bands of Highlanders watched its gates and accesses, guarding against Hanoverian sallies.
Line 3
From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.
Line 4
The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!
/ðə noʊt ʌv ðə ˈhævɪŋ ræŋ ˌdʒuːbəˈleɪʃən ɪn ɔːl ɪts dɪˈɡriːz ɔːr wɪð ə ˈloʊər ənd ə ˈmʌfəld saʊnd dɪˈsteɪst ənd fɪr ɔːr ɪt eɪmd æt ə ˈmɪdəl streɪn ˈniːðər haɪ nɔːr loʊ ə ˈɡoʊldən miːn tuː biː kept ənˈtɪl ðer maɪt biː siːn wʌt moʊˈtiːf ˈæftər ɔːl wɑːz ˈɡoʊɪŋ tuː prɪˈveɪl/
Line 5
It would never do, thought some, to be at this juncture too clamorous either way.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

distaste noun US /dɪˈsteɪst/

a feeling of intense dislike

From this reading “The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!”

Hanoverian noun US /ˌhænoʊˈvɪriən/

any of the British rulers who were members of the House of Hanover

From this reading “Bands of Highlanders watched its gates and accesses, guarding against Hanoverian sallies.”

Highlanders noun US /ˈhaɪlændərz/

plural of “highlander” — a soldier in a Scottish regiment from the Highlands

From this reading “Bands of Highlanders watched its gates and accesses, guarding against Hanoverian sallies.”

jubilation noun US /ˌdʒuːbəˈleɪʃən/

a feeling of extreme joy

From this reading “The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!”

lair noun US /ler/

the habitation of wild animals

From this reading “The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.”

motif noun US /moʊˈtiːf/

a design or figure that consists of recurring shapes or colors, as in architecture or decoration

From this reading “The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!”

sallies noun US /ˈsæliz/

plural of “sally” — witty remark

From this reading “Bands of Highlanders watched its gates and accesses, guarding against Hanoverian sallies.”

strident adjective US /ˈstraɪdənt/

conspicuously and offensively loud; given to vehement outcry

From this reading “From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.”

All words in this reading · 110

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

accesses

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Bands of Highlanders watched its gates and accesses, guarding against Hanoverian sallies.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading Bands of Highlanders watched its gates and accesses, guarding against Hanoverian sallies.

aimedverbUS /eɪmd/

past form of “aim” — point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

BandsnounUS /bændz/

plural of “band” — an unofficial association of people or groups

From this reading Bands of Highlanders watched its gates and accesses, guarding against Hanoverian sallies.

bannernounUS /ˈbænər/

long strip of cloth or paper used for decoration or advertising

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

castlenounUS /ˈkæsəl/

a large and stately mansion

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

clamorousadjective

conspicuously and offensively loud; given to vehement outcry

From this reading It would never do, thought some, to be at this juncture too clamorous either way.

closesnounUS /ˈkloʊzɪz/

plural of “close” — the temporal end; the concluding time

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

darknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

defiantadjectiveUS /dɪˈfaɪənt/

boldly resisting authority or an opposing force

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

degreesnounUS /dɪˈɡriːz/

plural of “degree” — a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

distastenounUS /dɪˈsteɪst/

a feeling of intense dislike

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading It would never do, thought some, to be at this juncture too clamorous either way.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

EdinburghnounUS /ˈedənbəroʊ/

the capital of Scotland; located in the Lothian Region on the south side of the Firth of Forth

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading It would never do, thought some, to be at this juncture too clamorous either way.

faminenounUS /ˈfæmən/

an acute insufficiency

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

fearverbUS /fɪr/

be afraid or feel anxious or apprehensive about a possible or probable situation or event

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

folknounUS /foʊk/

people in general (often used in the plural)

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

FromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

garrisonnounUS /ˈɡærɪsən/

a fortified military post where troops are stationed

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

gatesnounUS /ɡeɪts/

United States computer entrepreneur whose software company made him the youngest multi-billionaire in the history of the United States (born in 1955)

From this reading Bands of Highlanders watched its gates and accesses, guarding against Hanoverian sallies.

GeorgenounUS /dʒɔːrdʒ/

Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slew a dragon and saved a princess (?-303)

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

goingnounUS /ˈɡoʊɪŋ/

the act of departing

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

goldenadjectiveUS /ˈɡoʊldən/

having the deep slightly brownish color of gold

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

guardingverbUS /ˈɡɑːrdɪŋ/

-ing form of “guard” — to keep watch over

From this reading Bands of Highlanders watched its gates and accesses, guarding against Hanoverian sallies.

HanoveriannounUS /ˌhænoʊˈvɪriən/

any of the British rulers who were members of the House of Hanover

From this reading Bands of Highlanders watched its gates and accesses, guarding against Hanoverian sallies.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

heapedverbUS /hiːpt/

past form of “heap” — bestow in large quantities

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

high-lifted

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

HighlandersnounUS /ˈhaɪlændərz/

plural of “highlander” — a soldier in a Scottish regiment from the Highlands

From this reading Bands of Highlanders watched its gates and accesses, guarding against Hanoverian sallies.

hillnounUS /hɪl/

a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

Holyrood

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

housesnounUS /ˈhaʊsəz/

plural of “house” — a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

hundredsnounUS /ˈhʌndrədz/

plural of “hundred” — ten 10s

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Bands of Highlanders watched its gates and accesses, guarding against Hanoverian sallies.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

jubilationnounUS /ˌdʒuːbəˈleɪʃən/

a feeling of extreme joy

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

juncturenounUS /ˈdʒʌŋktʃər/

an event that occurs at a critical time

From this reading It would never do, thought some, to be at this juncture too clamorous either way.

keptadjectiveUS /kept/

(especially of promises or contracts) not violated or disregarded

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

lairnounUS /ler/

the habitation of wild animals

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

lionnounUS /ˈlaɪən/

large gregarious predatory feline of Africa and India having a tawny coat with a shaggy mane in the male

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

lowadjectiveUS /loʊ/

less than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

lowerverbUS /ˈloʊər/

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

meanverbUS /miːn/

mean or intend to express or convey

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

middlenounUS /ˈmɪdəl/

an area that is approximately central within some larger region

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

motifnounUS /moʊˈtiːf/

a design or figure that consists of recurring shapes or colors, as in architecture or decoration

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

movingadjectiveUS /ˈmuːvɪŋ/

in motion

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

muffledadjectiveUS /ˈmʌfəld/

being or made softer or less loud or clear

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

neitherdeterminerUS /ˈniːðər/

not one and not the other of two

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading It would never do, thought some, to be at this juncture too clamorous either way.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

notenounUS /noʊt/

a brief written record

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

palacenounUS /ˈpæləs/

a large and stately mansion

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

prevailverbUS /prɪˈveɪl/

be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

rangverbUS /ræŋ/

inflected form of “ring” — sound loudly and sonorously

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

rocknounUS /rɑːk/

a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

salliesnounUS /ˈsæliz/

plural of “sally” — witty remark

From this reading Bands of Highlanders watched its gates and accesses, guarding against Hanoverian sallies.

saveprepositionUS /seɪv/

except for; apart from

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

siegenounUS /siːdʒ/

the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading It would never do, thought some, to be at this juncture too clamorous either way.

soundnounUS /saʊnd/

the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

spinelike

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

spreadverbUS /spred/

distribute or disperse widely

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

strainnounUS /streɪn/

(physics) deformation of a physical body under the action of applied forces

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

stretchedadjectiveUS /stretʃt/

(of muscles) relieved of stiffness by stretching

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

stridentadjectiveUS /ˈstraɪdənt/

conspicuously and offensively loud; given to vehement outcry

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

talladjectiveUS /tɔːl/

great in vertical dimension; high in stature

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading It would never do, thought some, to be at this juncture too clamorous either way.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading It would never do, thought some, to be at this juncture too clamorous either way.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading It would never do, thought some, to be at this juncture too clamorous either way.

untakable

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The castle, defiant, untakable save by long siege and famine, held for King George by a garrison of a few hundreds, spread itself like a rock lion in a high-lifted rock lair.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

voicesnounUS /ˈvɔɪsəz/

plural of “voice” — the distinctive quality or pitch or condition of a person's speech

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

watchedverbUS /wɑːtʃt/

past form of “watch” — look attentively

From this reading Bands of Highlanders watched its gates and accesses, guarding against Hanoverian sallies.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading It would never do, thought some, to be at this juncture too clamorous either way.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The note of the having rang jubilation in all its degrees, or with a lower and a muffled sound distaste and fear, or it aimed at a middle strain neither high nor low, a golden mean to be kept until there might be seen what motif, after all, was going to prevail!

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading It would never do, thought some, to be at this juncture too clamorous either way.

wynds

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From the castle down stretched Edinburgh, heaped upon its long, spinelike hill, to the palace of Holyrood, and all its tall houses, tall and dark, and all its wynds and closes, and all its strident voices, and all its moving folk, seemed to have in mind that palace and the banner before it.

Chapter 19 of Foes by Mary Johnston holds 259 sentences, grouped into 52 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 19 of Foes contain?

Chapter 19 holds 259 sentences of Foes, unabridged, divided into 52 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 19 of Foes by Mary Johnston exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 259 sentences, grouped into 52 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 19 of Foes?

Work through the 52 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 52 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 19 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 19 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Foes

Common questions about reading Foes by Mary Johnston on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Foes?

Yes. All 7467 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #16554 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Foes is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #16554, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Foes take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1494 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Foes section by section

How to work through Foes section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 35 chapters of Foes to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Foes

Words and structures a reader meets early in Foes, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Mother
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Foes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Binning
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Foes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Whiles
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Foes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Dream
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Foes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.