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Foes
Foes

Chapter XX · Chapter 20

Chapter 20 of Foes is here in full — 232 sentences across 47 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Foes
Context Illustration Reading 1/46 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.
Victory was with the old line, the magnificent attempt!
The erstwhile doubting throng began, stage by stage, to mount toward enthusiasm.
It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.
And, now that Cope had fled, King George had in Scotland no regular troops.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Foes

Chapter XX · Chapter 20

Chapter 20 of Foes is here in full — 232 sentences across 47 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/46 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.
Line 2
Victory was with the old line, the magnificent attempt!
/ˈvɪktəri wɑːz wɪð ðə oʊld laɪn ðə mæɡˈnɪfəsənt əˈtempt/
Line 3
The erstwhile doubting throng began, stage by stage, to mount toward enthusiasm.
/ðə ˈɜːrstwaɪl ˈdaʊtɪŋ θrɔːŋ bɪˈɡæn steɪdʒ baɪ steɪdʒ tuː maʊnt təˈwɔːrd ɪnˈθuːziæzəm/
Line 4
It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.
/ɪt wɑːz ðə ˈkwɪkər dʌn ðæt tʃɑːrlz ˈedwərd ɔːr hɪz ˈwaɪzəst ædˈvaɪzərz pʊt fɔːrθ ə ˈsɪriz ʌv dʒuːˈdɪʃəs ˈsɪvɪk ənd ˈpʌblɪk ˈmeʒərz/
Line 5
And, now that Cope had fled, King George had in Scotland no regular troops.
/ənd naʊ ðæt koʊp hæd fled kɪŋ dʒɔːrdʒ hæd ɪn ˈskɑːtlənd noʊ ˈreɡjələr truːps/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

advisers noun US /ædˈvaɪzərz/

plural of “adviser” — an expert who gives advice

From this reading “It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.”

civic adjective US /ˈsɪvɪk/

of or relating or belonging to a city

From this reading “It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.”

Cope verb US /koʊp/

succeed in doing, achieving, or producing (something) with the limited or inadequate means available

From this reading “And, now that Cope had fled, King George had in Scotland no regular troops.”

doubting adjective US /ˈdaʊtɪŋ/

marked by or given to doubt

From this reading “The erstwhile doubting throng began, stage by stage, to mount toward enthusiasm.”

erstwhile adjective US /ˈɜːrstwaɪl/

belonging to some prior time

From this reading “The erstwhile doubting throng began, stage by stage, to mount toward enthusiasm.”

exultant adjective US /ɪɡˈzʌltənt/

joyful and proud especially because of triumph or success

From this reading “A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.”

judicious adjective US /dʒuːˈdɪʃəs/

marked by the exercise of good judgment or common sense in practical matters

From this reading “It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.”

sanguine adjective US /ˈsæŋɡwɪn/

confidently optimistic and cheerful

From this reading “A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.”

All words in this reading · 73

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

advisersnounUS /ædˈvaɪzərz/

plural of “adviser” — an expert who gives advice

From this reading It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

attemptnounUS /əˈtempt/

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading Victory was with the old line, the magnificent attempt!

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

bearingnounUS /ˈberɪŋ/

relevant relation or interconnection

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading The erstwhile doubting throng began, stage by stage, to mount toward enthusiasm.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The erstwhile doubting throng began, stage by stage, to mount toward enthusiasm.

callingnounUS /ˈkɔːlɪŋ/

the particular occupation for which you are trained

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

carriedverbUS /ˈkærid/

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

CharlesnounUS /tʃɑːrlz/

King of France from 1560 to 1574 whose reign was dominated by his mother Catherine de Medicis (1550-1574)

From this reading It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.

civicadjectiveUS /ˈsɪvɪk/

of or relating or belonging to a city

From this reading It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.

confidentadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːnfədənt/

having or marked by confidence or assurance

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

CopeverbUS /koʊp/

succeed in doing, achieving, or producing (something) with the limited or inadequate means available

From this reading And, now that Cope had fled, King George had in Scotland no regular troops.

doneadjectiveUS /dʌn/

having finished or arrived at completion

From this reading It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.

doubtingadjectiveUS /ˈdaʊtɪŋ/

marked by or given to doubt

From this reading The erstwhile doubting throng began, stage by stage, to mount toward enthusiasm.

EdinburghnounUS /ˈedənbəroʊ/

the capital of Scotland; located in the Lothian Region on the south side of the Firth of Forth

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

EdwardnounUS /ˈedwərd/

King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)

From this reading It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.

enthusiasmnounUS /ɪnˈθuːziæzəm/

a feeling of excitement

From this reading The erstwhile doubting throng began, stage by stage, to mount toward enthusiasm.

erstwhileadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrstwaɪl/

belonging to some prior time

From this reading The erstwhile doubting throng began, stage by stage, to mount toward enthusiasm.

exultantadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzʌltənt/

joyful and proud especially because of triumph or success

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

fledverbUS /fled/

inflected form of “flee” — run away quickly

From this reading And, now that Cope had fled, King George had in Scotland no regular troops.

forthadverbUS /fɔːrθ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.

GeorgenounUS /dʒɔːrdʒ/

Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slew a dragon and saved a princess (?-303)

From this reading And, now that Cope had fled, King George had in Scotland no regular troops.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading And, now that Cope had fled, King George had in Scotland no regular troops.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.

Holyrood

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

huenounUS /hjuː/

the quality of a color as determined by its dominant wavelength

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading And, now that Cope had fled, King George had in Scotland no regular troops.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

judiciousadjectiveUS /dʒuːˈdɪʃəs/

marked by the exercise of good judgment or common sense in practical matters

From this reading It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading And, now that Cope had fled, King George had in Scotland no regular troops.

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading Victory was with the old line, the magnificent attempt!

magnificentadjectiveUS /mæɡˈnɪfəsənt/

characterized by grandeur

From this reading Victory was with the old line, the magnificent attempt!

measuresnounUS /ˈmeʒərz/

plural of “measure” — any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal

From this reading It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.

mountverbUS /maʊnt/

attach to a support

From this reading The erstwhile doubting throng began, stage by stage, to mount toward enthusiasm.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading And, now that Cope had fled, King George had in Scotland no regular troops.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Victory was with the old line, the magnificent attempt!

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.

putverbUS /pʊt/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.

quickeradverbUS /ˈkwɪkər/

more quickly

From this reading It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.

regularadjectiveUS /ˈreɡjələr/

in accordance with fixed order or procedure or principle

From this reading And, now that Cope had fled, King George had in Scotland no regular troops.

royaladjectiveUS /ˈrɔɪəl/

of or relating to or indicative of or issued or performed by a king or queen or other monarch

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

sanguineadjectiveUS /ˈsæŋɡwɪn/

confidently optimistic and cheerful

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

ScotlandnounUS /ˈskɑːtlənd/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; located on the northern part of the island of Great Britain; famous for bagpipes and plaids and kilts

From this reading And, now that Cope had fled, King George had in Scotland no regular troops.

seriesnounUS /ˈsɪriz/

similar things placed in order or happening one after another

From this reading It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.

showverbUS /ʃoʊ/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

stagenounUS /steɪdʒ/

any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading The erstwhile doubting throng began, stage by stage, to mount toward enthusiasm.

stepnounUS /step/

any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

StewartnounUS /ˈstuːərt/

United States film actor who portrayed incorruptible but modest heros (1908-1997)

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

throngnounUS /θrɔːŋ/

a large gathering of people

From this reading The erstwhile doubting throng began, stage by stage, to mount toward enthusiasm.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

towardprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrd/

in the direction of

From this reading The erstwhile doubting throng began, stage by stage, to mount toward enthusiasm.

triumphantadjectiveUS /traɪˈʌmfənt/

joyful and proud especially because of triumph or success

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

troopsnounUS /truːps/

soldiers collectively

From this reading And, now that Cope had fled, King George had in Scotland no regular troops.

VictorynounUS /ˈvɪktəri/

a successful ending of a struggle or contest

From this reading Victory was with the old line, the magnificent attempt!

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Victory was with the old line, the magnificent attempt!

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

wisestadjectiveUS /ˈwaɪzəst/

superlative of “wise” — having or prompted by wisdom or discernment

From this reading It was the quicker done that Charles Edward, or his wisest advisers, put forth a series of judicious civic and public measures.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading A triumphant Stewart went back to Holyrood, an exultant army, calling itself, now with some good show of bearing it through, the "royal" army, carried into Edinburgh its confident step and sanguine hue.

Chapter 20 of Foes by Mary Johnston holds 232 sentences, grouped into 47 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of Foes contain?

Chapter 20 holds 232 sentences of Foes, unabridged, divided into 47 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of Foes by Mary Johnston exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 232 sentences, grouped into 47 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of Foes?

Work through the 47 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 47 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Foes

Common questions about reading Foes by Mary Johnston on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Foes?

Yes. All 7467 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #16554 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Foes is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #16554, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Foes take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1494 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Foes section by section

How to work through Foes section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 35 chapters of Foes to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Foes

Words and structures a reader meets early in Foes, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Mother
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Foes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Binning
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Foes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Whiles
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Foes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Dream
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Foes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.