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Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)
Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) is here in full — 170 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)
Context Illustration Reading 1/34 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Denmark Hill, 1st April, 1871.
My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.
For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.
And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.
But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) is here in full — 170 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/34 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Denmark Hill, 1st April, 1871.
Line 2
My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.
Line 3
For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.
/fɔːr ðɪs mʌnθ rɪˈteɪnz ɪts ˈprɪti ˈroʊmən neɪm ənd miːnz ðə mʌnθ ʌv ˈoʊpənɪŋ ʌv ðə laɪt ɪn ðə deɪz ənd ðə laɪf ɪn ðə liːvz ənd ʌv ðə ˈvɔɪsəz ʌv bɜːrdz ənd ʌv ðə hɑːrts ʌv men/
Line 4
And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.
Line 5
But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Denmark noun US /ˈdenmɑːrk/

a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe; consists of the mainland of Jutland and many islands between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

From this reading “Denmark Hill, 1st April, 1871.”

Fools noun US /fuːlz/

plural of “fool” — a person who lacks good judgment

From this reading “And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.”

influences noun US /ˈɪnfluːənsɪz/

plural of “influence” — a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading “And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.”

Manifestation noun US /ˌmænəfeˈsteɪʃən/

a clear appearance

From this reading “And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.”

moonshine noun US /ˈmuːnʃaɪn/

the light of the Moon

From this reading “But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.”

pleasing adjective US /ˈpliːzɪŋ/

giving pleasure and satisfaction

From this reading “My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.”

reflect verb US /rɪˈflekt/

manifest or bring back

From this reading “My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.”

retains verb US /rɪˈteɪnz/

third-person singular of “retain” — hold back within

From this reading “For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

reflect upon verb + particle

In this reading “But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.”

foolish enough adjective + noun

In this reading “My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.”

less pleasing adverb + adjective

In this reading “But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.”

wise enough adjective + noun

In this reading “My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.”

without understanding preposition + noun

In this reading “My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.”

come out verb + adjective

appear or become visible; make a showing

In this reading “And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.”

All words in this reading · 85

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1871

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Denmark Hill, 1st April, 1871.

1st

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Denmark Hill, 1st April, 1871.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

AprilnounUS /ˈeɪprəl/

the month following March and preceding May

From this reading Denmark Hill, 1st April, 1871.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

beatificadjective

experiencing or bestowing celestial joy

From this reading And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.

birdsnounUS /bɜːrdz/

plural of “bird” — warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

cannot

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

DenmarknounUS /ˈdenmɑːrk/

a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe; consists of the mainland of Jutland and many islands between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

From this reading Denmark Hill, 1st April, 1871.

describedadjectiveUS /dɪˈskraɪbd/

represented in words especially with sharpness and detail

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

EducationnounUS /ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən/

the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill

From this reading And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.

foolishadjectiveUS /ˈfuːlɪʃ/

devoid of good sense or judgment

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

FoolsnounUS /fuːlz/

plural of “fool” — a person who lacks good judgment

From this reading And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

FriendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

heartsnounUS /hɑːrts/

a form of whist in which players avoid winning tricks containing hearts or the queen of spades

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

HillnounUS /hɪl/

a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading Denmark Hill, 1st April, 1871.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

influencesnounUS /ˈɪnfluːənsɪz/

plural of “influence” — a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

kindsnounUS /kaɪndz/

plural of “kind” — a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

knowingadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊɪŋ/

evidencing the possession of inside information

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

LastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

LatinadjectiveUS /ˈlætən/

of or relating to the ancient Latins or the Latin language

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

leavesnounUS /liːvz/

plural of “leaf” — the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

ManifestationnounUS /ˌmænəfeˈsteɪʃən/

a clear appearance

From this reading And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

monthnounUS /mʌnθ/

one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

moonshinenounUS /ˈmuːnʃaɪn/

the light of the Moon

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

moraladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrəl/

concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles

From this reading And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

MydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

OpeningnounUS /ˈoʊpənɪŋ/

an open or empty space in or between things

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.

pleasingadjectiveUS /ˈpliːzɪŋ/

giving pleasure and satisfaction

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

pre-eminentlyadverb

to a preeminent degree; with superiority or distinction above others; in a preeminent manner

From this reading And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.

prettyadjectiveUS /ˈprɪti/

pleasing by delicacy or grace; not imposing

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

reflectverbUS /rɪˈflekt/

manifest or bring back

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

retainsverbUS /rɪˈteɪnz/

third-person singular of “retain” — hold back within

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

RomanadjectiveUS /ˈroʊmən/

relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

springnounUS /sprɪŋ/

the season of growth

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

sunshinenounUS /ˈsʌnʃaɪn/

the rays of the sun

From this reading And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.

talkverbUS /tɔːk/

exchange thoughts; talk with

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading And being the month of Manifestation, it is pre-eminently the month of Fools;--for under the beatific influences of moral sunshine, or Education, the Fools always come out first.

understandingnounUS /ˌʌndərˈstændɪŋ/

the cognitive condition of someone who understands

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

voicesnounUS /ˈvɔɪsəz/

plural of “voice” — the distinctive quality or pitch or condition of a person's speech

From this reading For this month retains its pretty Roman name, and means the month of Opening; of the light in the days, and the life in the leaves, and of the voices of birds, and of the hearts of men.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading But what is less pleasing to reflect upon, this spring morning, is, that there are some kinds of education which may be described, not as moral sunshine, but as moral moonshine; and that, under these, Fools come out both First--and Last.

wiseadjectiveUS /waɪz/

having or prompted by wisdom or discernment

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading My Friends, It cannot but be pleasing to us to reflect, this day, that if we are often foolish enough to talk English without understanding it, we are often wise enough to talk Latin without knowing it.

Chapter 4 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) by John Ruskin holds 170 sentences, grouped into 34 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) contain?

Chapter 4 holds 170 sentences of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8), unabridged, divided into 34 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) by John Ruskin exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 170 sentences, grouped into 34 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)?

Work through the 34 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 34 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)

Common questions about reading Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) by John Ruskin on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)?

Yes. All 1933 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #59456 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #59456, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) take to read?

About 161 minutes of reading across 387 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) section by section

How to work through Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 12 chapters of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)

Words and structures a reader meets early in Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8), each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Denmark
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
January
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Friends
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Begin
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.