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Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)
Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) is here in full — 140 sentences across 28 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)
Context Illustration Reading 1/28 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.
It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.
For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.
And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.
Dismal enough, had it been the first morning of its kind that summer had sent.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) is here in full — 140 sentences across 28 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/28 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.
Line 2
It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.
Line 3
For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.
Line 4
And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.
Line 5
Dismal enough, had it been the first morning of its kind that summer had sent.
/ˈdɪzməl ɪˈnʌf hæd ɪt bɪn ðə fɜːrst ˈmɔːrnɪŋ ʌv ɪts kaɪnd ðæt ˈsʌmər hæd sent/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

diffused adjective US /dɪˈfjuːzd/

(of light rays) subjected to scattering by reflection from a rough surface or transmission through a translucent material

From this reading “For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.”

Dismal adjective US /ˈdɪzməl/

causing dejection

From this reading “Dismal enough, had it been the first morning of its kind that summer had sent.”

fitfully adverb US /ˈfɪtfəli/

in a fitful manner

From this reading “And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.”

midsummer noun US /ˈmɪdˈsʌmər/

June 21, when the sun is at its northernmost point

From this reading “It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.”

namely adverb US /ˈneɪmli/

as follows

From this reading “It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.”

pierce verb US /pɪrs/

cut or make a way through

From this reading “For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.”

thunderstorm noun US /ˈθʌndərstɔːrm/

a storm resulting from strong rising air currents; heavy rain or hail along with thunder and lightning

From this reading “And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.”

unintelligible adjective US /ˌʌnɪnˈtelədʒəbəl/

poorly articulated or enunciated, or drowned by noise

From this reading “For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

sit down verb + adjective

take a seat

In this reading “It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.”

black veil adjective + noun

In this reading “For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.”

at once preposition + adverb

without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening

In this reading “My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.”

distant objects adjective + noun counted as “distant object”

In this reading “For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.”

put into verb + particle

In this reading “My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.”

All words in this reading · 109

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1871

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

22

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Dismal enough, had it been the first morning of its kind that summer had sent.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

beginverbUS /bɪˈɡɪn/

take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

bitteradjectiveUS /ˈbɪtər/

marked by strong resentment or cynicism

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

blackadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

blighting

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

cloudverbUS /klaʊd/

make overcast or cloudy

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

colouradjectiveUS /ˈkʌlər/

having or capable of producing colors

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

coveredadjectiveUS /ˈkʌvərd/

overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

Derbyshire

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

diffusedadjectiveUS /dɪˈfjuːzd/

(of light rays) subjected to scattering by reflection from a rough surface or transmission through a translucent material

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

DismaladjectiveUS /ˈdɪzməl/

causing dejection

From this reading Dismal enough, had it been the first morning of its kind that summer had sent.

dismallest

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

distantadjectiveUS /ˈdɪstənt/

separated in space or coming from or going to a distance

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

dryadjectiveUS /draɪ/

free from liquid or moisture; lacking natural or normal moisture or depleted of water; or no longer wet

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

everywhereadverbUS /ˈevriwer/

to or in any or all places

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

fainadjectiveUS /feɪn/

having made preparations

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

feebleadjectiveUS /ˈfiːbəl/

pathetically lacking in force or effectiveness

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

fitfullyadverbUS /ˈfɪtfəli/

in a fitful manner

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

FriendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

fro

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

greyadjectiveUS /ɡreɪ/

of an achromatic color of any lightness intermediate between the extremes of white and black

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Dismal enough, had it been the first morning of its kind that summer had sent.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

JulynounUS /ˌdʒuːˈlaɪ/

the month following June and preceding August

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading Dismal enough, had it been the first morning of its kind that summer had sent.

leavesnounUS /liːvz/

plural of “leaf” — the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

letternounUS /ˈletər/

a written message addressed to a person or organization

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

Matlock

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

mattersnounUS /ˈmætərz/

plural of “matter” — a vaguely specified concern

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

mid-England

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

midsummernounUS /ˈmɪdˈsʌmər/

June 21, when the sun is at its northernmost point

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

mistverbUS /mɪst/

become covered with mist

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

monthnounUS /mʌnθ/

one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

MydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

namelyadverbUS /ˈneɪmli/

as follows

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

objectsnounUS /ˈɑːbdʒekts/

plural of “object” — a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

partlyadverbUS /ˈpɑːrtli/

to some extent; in some degree; not wholly

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

passingnounUS /ˈpæsɪŋ/

(American football) a play that involves one player throwing the ball to a teammate

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

pierceverbUS /pɪrs/

cut or make a way through

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

putverbUS /pʊt/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

rain-cloud

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

raynounUS /reɪ/

a column of light (as from a beacon)

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading Dismal enough, had it been the first morning of its kind that summer had sent.

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

shakingnounUS /ˈʃeɪkɪŋ/

the act of causing something to move up and down (or back and forth) with quick movements

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

showverbUS /ʃoʊ/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

sitverbUS /sɪt/

be seated

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

skynounUS /skaɪ/

the atmosphere and outer space as viewed from the earth

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

strangeadjectiveUS /streɪndʒ/

being definitely out of the ordinary and unexpected; slightly odd or even a bit weird

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

substancenounUS /ˈsʌbstəns/

the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

summernounUS /ˈsʌmər/

the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox

From this reading Dismal enough, had it been the first morning of its kind that summer had sent.

sunshinenounUS /ˈsʌnʃaɪn/

the rays of the sun

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

thunderstormnounUS /ˈθʌndərstɔːrm/

a storm resulting from strong rising air currents; heavy rain or hail along with thunder and lightning

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

treesnounUS /triːz/

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

unintelligibleadjectiveUS /ˌʌnɪnˈtelədʒəbəl/

poorly articulated or enunciated, or drowned by noise

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

veilnounUS /veɪl/

a garment that covers the head and face

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

violentlyadverbUS /ˈvaɪələntli/

in a violent manner

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

wantedadjectiveUS /ˈwɔːntɪd/

desired or wished for or sought

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

windnounUS /waɪnd/

air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

From this reading And everywhere the leaves of the trees are shaking fitfully, as they do before a thunderstorm; only not violently, but enough to show the passing to and fro of a strange, bitter, blighting wind.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading My Friends, I begin this letter a month before it is wanted, [22] having several matters in my mind that I would fain put into words at once.

wreathing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For the sky is covered with grey cloud;--not rain-cloud, but a dry black veil, which no ray of sunshine can pierce; partly diffused in mist, feeble mist, enough to make distant objects unintelligible, yet without any substance, or wreathing, or colour of its own.

writeverbUS /raɪt/

produce a literary work

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

wroteverbUS /roʊt/

inflected form of “write” — produce a literary work

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading It is the first of July, and I sit down to write by the dismallest light that ever yet I wrote by; namely, the light of this midsummer morning, in mid-England, (Matlock, Derbyshire), in the year 1871.

Chapter 8 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) by John Ruskin holds 140 sentences, grouped into 28 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) contain?

Chapter 8 holds 140 sentences of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8), unabridged, divided into 28 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) by John Ruskin exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 140 sentences, grouped into 28 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)?

Work through the 28 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 28 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)

Common questions about reading Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) by John Ruskin on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)?

Yes. All 1933 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #59456 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #59456, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) take to read?

About 161 minutes of reading across 387 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) section by section

How to work through Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 12 chapters of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8) to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8)

Words and structures a reader meets early in Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8), each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Denmark
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
January
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Friends
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Begin
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera (Volume 1 of 8); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.