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Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8)
Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8)

Chapter V

Chapter 5 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8) is here in full — 189 sentences across 38 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8)
Context Illustration Reading 1/37 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Florence, 1st May, 1872.
My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?
Be assured of it, you are meant, to-day, to be as happy as the birds, at least.
If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.
Of late you have made that your last business; you have thought things would right themselves, or that it was God's business to right them, not yours.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8)

Chapter V

Chapter 5 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8) is here in full — 189 sentences across 38 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/37 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Florence, 1st May, 1872.
Line 2
My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?
/maɪ frendz hæv juː θɔːt æz aɪ preɪd juː tuː θɪŋk ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə deɪz ʌv ˈeɪprəl wʌt θɪŋz ðeɪ ɑːr ðæt wɪl ˈhɪndər juː frʌm ˈbiːɪŋ ˈhæpi ɑːn ðɪs fɜːrst ʌv meɪ/
Line 3
Be assured of it, you are meant, to-day, to be as happy as the birds, at least.
Line 4
If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.
Line 5
Of late you have made that your last business; you have thought things would right themselves, or that it was God's business to right them, not yours.
/ʌv leɪt juː hæv meɪd ðæt jɔːr læst ˈbɪznəs juː hæv θɔːt θɪŋz wʊd raɪt ðemˈselvz ɔːr ðæt ɪt wɑːz ɡɑːdz ˈbɪznəs tuː raɪt ðem nɑːt jʊrz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

April noun US /ˈeɪprəl/

the month following March and preceding May

From this reading “My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?”

assured adjective US /əˈʃʊrd/

marked by assurance; exhibiting confidence

From this reading “Be assured of it, you are meant, to-day, to be as happy as the birds, at least.”

Florence noun US /ˈflɔːrəns/

a city in central Italy on the Arno; provincial capital of Tuscany; center of the Italian Renaissance from 14th to 16th centuries

From this reading “Florence, 1st May, 1872.”

God's noun US /ɡɑːdz/

possessive form of “god” — the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading “Of late you have made that your last business; you have thought things would right themselves, or that it was God's business to right them, not yours.”

hinder verb US /ˈhɪndər/

be a hindrance or obstacle to

From this reading “My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?”

prayed verb US /preɪd/

past form of “pray” — address a deity, a prophet, a saint or an object of worship; say a prayer

From this reading “My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?”

responsible adjective US /riˈspɑːnsəbəl/

worthy of or requiring responsibility or trust; or held accountable

From this reading “If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.”

rights noun US /raɪts/

plural of “right” — an abstract idea of that which is due to a person or governmental body by law or tradition or nature

From this reading “If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.”

All words in this reading · 68

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1872

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Florence, 1st May, 1872.

1st

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Florence, 1st May, 1872.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

AprilnounUS /ˈeɪprəl/

the month following March and preceding May

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

assuredadjectiveUS /əˈʃʊrd/

marked by assurance; exhibiting confidence

From this reading Be assured of it, you are meant, to-day, to be as happy as the birds, at least.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Be assured of it, you are meant, to-day, to be as happy as the birds, at least.

Beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Be assured of it, you are meant, to-day, to be as happy as the birds, at least.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

birdsnounUS /bɜːrdz/

plural of “bird” — warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings

From this reading Be assured of it, you are meant, to-day, to be as happy as the birds, at least.

businessnounUS /ˈbɪznəs/

a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

else

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

FlorencenounUS /ˈflɔːrəns/

a city in central Italy on the Arno; provincial capital of Tuscany; center of the Italian Renaissance from 14th to 16th centuries

From this reading Florence, 1st May, 1872.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

FriendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

God'snounUS /ɡɑːdz/

possessive form of “god” — the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading Of late you have made that your last business; you have thought things would right themselves, or that it was God's business to right them, not yours.

happyadjectiveUS /ˈhæpi/

enjoying or showing or marked by joy or pleasure

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

Haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

hinderverbUS /ˈhɪndər/

be a hindrance or obstacle to

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Be assured of it, you are meant, to-day, to be as happy as the birds, at least.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading Of late you have made that your last business; you have thought things would right themselves, or that it was God's business to right them, not yours.

lateadjectiveUS /leɪt/

being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time

From this reading Of late you have made that your last business; you have thought things would right themselves, or that it was God's business to right them, not yours.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading Be assured of it, you are meant, to-day, to be as happy as the birds, at least.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Of late you have made that your last business; you have thought things would right themselves, or that it was God's business to right them, not yours.

Maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Florence, 1st May, 1872.

meantverbUS /ment/

inflected form of “mean” — mean or intend to express or convey

From this reading Be assured of it, you are meant, to-day, to be as happy as the birds, at least.

MydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

prayedverbUS /preɪd/

past form of “pray” — address a deity, a prophet, a saint or an object of worship; say a prayer

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

responsibleadjectiveUS /riˈspɑːnsəbəl/

worthy of or requiring responsibility or trust; or held accountable

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading Of late you have made that your last business; you have thought things would right themselves, or that it was God's business to right them, not yours.

rightsnounUS /raɪts/

plural of “right” — an abstract idea of that which is due to a person or governmental body by law or tradition or nature

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

somebodypronounUS /ˈsʌmbɑːdi/

a person, without saying who

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

somethingpronounUS /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

a thing, without saying which

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading Of late you have made that your last business; you have thought things would right themselves, or that it was God's business to right them, not yours.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

thinkverbUS /θɪŋk/

judge or regard; look upon; judge

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

to-day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Be assured of it, you are meant, to-day, to be as happy as the birds, at least.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Of late you have made that your last business; you have thought things would right themselves, or that it was God's business to right them, not yours.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Of late you have made that your last business; you have thought things would right themselves, or that it was God's business to right them, not yours.

wrongadjectiveUS /rɔːŋ/

not correct; not in conformity with fact or truth

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading My Friends, Have you thought, as I prayed you to think, during the days of April, what things they are that will hinder you from being happy on this first of May?

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

yourspronounUS /jʊrz/

the one or ones belonging to the person spoken to

From this reading Of late you have made that your last business; you have thought things would right themselves, or that it was God's business to right them, not yours.

yourselfpronounUS /jərˈself/

used when the person spoken to is also the object of the action

From this reading If you are not, you, or somebody else, or something that you are one or other responsible for, is wrong; and your first business is to set yourself, them, or it, to rights.

Chapter 5 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8) by John Ruskin holds 189 sentences, grouped into 38 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 5 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8) contain?

Chapter 5 holds 189 sentences of Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8), unabridged, divided into 38 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 5 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8) by John Ruskin exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 189 sentences, grouped into 38 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 5 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8)?

Work through the 38 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 38 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 5 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 5 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8)

Common questions about reading Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8) by John Ruskin on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8)?

Yes. All 2072 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #61591 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8) is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #61591, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8) take to read?

About 172 minutes of reading across 415 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8) section by section

How to work through Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8) section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8)

Words and structures a reader meets early in Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8), each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Friends
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
January
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Happy
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Thought
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.