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Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8)
Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8)

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8) is here in full — 164 sentences across 33 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8)
Context Illustration Reading 1/32 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Brantwood, Coniston, 3rd January, 1873.
"By St. George," said the English, "you say true!"
If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.
I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."
Failing!
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Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8)

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8) is here in full — 164 sentences across 33 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/32 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Brantwood, Coniston, 3rd January, 1873.
Line 2
"By St. George," said the English, "you say true!"
Line 3
If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.
Line 4
I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."
/aɪ hiːr frʌm ðoʊz ʌv maɪ əˈkweɪntəns huː ɑːr ənˈhæpi ɪˈnʌf tuː biː enˈɡeɪdʒd ɪn kəˈmɜːrʃəl ˌɑːpərˈeɪʃənz ðæt ðer ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːndənts ɑːr ˈfeɪlɪŋ ɪn ɔːl dərˈekʃənz/
Line 5
Failing!
/ˈfeɪlɪŋ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

commercial adjective US /kəˈmɜːrʃəl/

connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises

From this reading “I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."”

correspondents noun US /ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːndənts/

plural of “correspondent” — someone who communicates by means of letters

From this reading “I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."”

directions noun US /dərˈekʃənz/

plural of “direction” — a line leading to a place or point

From this reading “I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."”

failing noun US /ˈfeɪlɪŋ/

a flaw or weak point

From this reading “I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."”

January noun US /ˈdʒænjuːeri/

the first month of the year; begins 10 days after the winter solstice

From this reading “Brantwood, Coniston, 3rd January, 1873.”

merrier adjective US /ˈmeriər/

comparative of “merry” — full of or showing high-spirited merriment

From this reading “If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.”

oath noun US /oʊθ/

profane or obscene expression usually of surprise or anger

From this reading “If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.”

operations noun US /ˌɑːpərˈeɪʃənz/

financial transactions at a brokerage; having to do with the execution of trades and keeping customer records

From this reading “I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

all directions adjective + noun counted as “all direction”

In this reading “I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."”

hear from verb + particle

In this reading “I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."”

All words in this reading · 52

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1873

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Brantwood, Coniston, 3rd January, 1873.

3rd

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Brantwood, Coniston, 3rd January, 1873.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.

acquaintancenounUS /əˈkweɪntəns/

personal knowledge or information about someone or something

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.

Brantwood

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Brantwood, Coniston, 3rd January, 1873.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading "By St. George," said the English, "you say true!"

commercialadjectiveUS /kəˈmɜːrʃəl/

connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

Coniston

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Brantwood, Coniston, 3rd January, 1873.

correspondentsnounUS /ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːndənts/

plural of “correspondent” — someone who communicates by means of letters

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.

directionsnounUS /dərˈekʃənz/

plural of “direction” — a line leading to a place or point

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.

engagedadjectiveUS /enˈɡeɪdʒd/

having ones attention or mind or energy engaged

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading "By St. George," said the English, "you say true!"

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

failingnounUS /ˈfeɪlɪŋ/

a flaw or weak point

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

GeorgenounUS /dʒɔːrdʒ/

Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slew a dragon and saved a princess (?-303)

From this reading "By St. George," said the English, "you say true!"

hearverbUS /hiːr/

perceive (sound) via the auditory sense

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.

JanuarynounUS /ˈdʒænjuːeri/

the first month of the year; begins 10 days after the winter solstice

From this reading Brantwood, Coniston, 3rd January, 1873.

merrieradjectiveUS /ˈmeriər/

comparative of “merry” — full of or showing high-spirited merriment

From this reading If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

now-a-days

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.

oathnounUS /oʊθ/

profane or obscene expression usually of surprise or anger

From this reading If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

operationsnounUS /ˌɑːpərˈeɪʃənz/

financial transactions at a brokerage; having to do with the execution of trades and keeping customer records

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading "By St. George," said the English, "you say true!"

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading "By St. George," said the English, "you say true!"

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "By St. George," said the English, "you say true!"

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading "By St. George," said the English, "you say true!"

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

trueadjectiveUS /truː/

consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading "By St. George," said the English, "you say true!"

unhappyadjectiveUS /ənˈhæpi/

experiencing or marked by or causing sadness or sorrow or discontent

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading I hear from those of my acquaintance who are unhappy enough to be engaged in commercial operations, that their correspondents are "failing in all directions."

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading If, by the same oath, the English could still, now-a-days, both say and do true, themselves, it would be a merrier England.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading "By St. George," said the English, "you say true!"

Chapter 2 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8) by John Ruskin holds 164 sentences, grouped into 33 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8) contain?

Chapter 2 holds 164 sentences of Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8), unabridged, divided into 33 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8) by John Ruskin exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 164 sentences, grouped into 33 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8)?

Work through the 33 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 33 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8)

Common questions about reading Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8) by John Ruskin on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8)?

Yes. All 3014 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #61634 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8) is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #61634, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8) take to read?

About 251 minutes of reading across 603 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8) section by section

How to work through Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8) section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 12 chapters of Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8) to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8)

Words and structures a reader meets early in Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8), each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Brantwood
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
January
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Third
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Having
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.