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Fors Clavigera
Fors Clavigera

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Fors Clavigera is here in full — 269 sentences across 54 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Fors Clavigera
Context Illustration Reading 1/53 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.
Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.
I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.
This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.
He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Fors Clavigera

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Fors Clavigera is here in full — 269 sentences across 54 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/53 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.
Line 2
Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.
Line 3
I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.
Line 4
This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.
Line 5
He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

announces verb US /əˈnaʊnsɪz/

third-person singular of “announce” — make known; make an announcement

From this reading “He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.”

connections noun US /kəˈnekʃənz/

plural of “connection” — a relation between things or events (as in the case of one causing the other or sharing features with it)

From this reading “He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.”

courtesy noun US /ˈkɜːrtəsi/

a courteous or respectful or considerate act

From this reading “He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.”

Misanthrope noun US /ˈmɪsənθroʊp/

someone who dislikes people in general

From this reading “This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.”

needing verb US /ˈniːdɪŋ/

-ing form of “need” — require as useful, just, or proper

From this reading “I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.”

professing noun US /prəˈfesɪŋ/

an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion

From this reading “This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.”

twenty-first adjective US /ˈtwentifɜːrst/

coming next after the twentieth in position

From this reading “I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.”

wits noun US /wɪts/

the basic human power of intelligent thought and perception

From this reading “Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

due time adjective + noun

In this reading “I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.”

glance at verb + particle

In this reading “I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.”

country gentleman noun + noun

In this reading “He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.”

four pages noun + noun counted as “four page”

In this reading “I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.”

vain desire adjective + noun

In this reading “He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.”

some account adjective + noun

In this reading “This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.”

All words in this reading · 102

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

accountnounUS /əˈkaʊnt/

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

amauxiliary verbUS /æm/

the form of “be” used with “I”

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

announcesverbUS /əˈnaʊnsɪz/

third-person singular of “announce” — make known; make an announcement

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

arrangementnounUS /ərˈeɪndʒmənt/

the thing arranged or agreed to

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

arrear

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

beginverbUS /bɪˈɡɪn/

take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

besideprepositionUS /bɪˈsaɪd/

next to; at the side of

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

bitnounUS /bɪt/

a small piece or quantity of something

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

callsnounUS /kɔːlz/

plural of “call” — a telephone connection

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

Celimène

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

connectionsnounUS /kəˈnekʃənz/

plural of “connection” — a relation between things or events (as in the case of one causing the other or sharing features with it)

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

courtesynounUS /ˈkɜːrtəsi/

a courteous or respectful or considerate act

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

denounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

desirenounUS /dɪˈzaɪər/

the feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

dueadjectiveUS /duː/

owed and payable immediately or on demand

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

explanationnounUS /ˌekspləˈneɪʃən/

a statement that makes something comprehensible by describing the relevant structure or operation or circumstances etc.

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

followverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊ/

to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

Fors

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

gentlemannounUS /ˈdʒentəlmən/

a man of refinement

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

glanceverbUS /ɡlæns/

throw a glance at; take a brief look at

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

goverbUS /ɡoʊ/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

herselfpronounUS /hərˈself/

used when the woman or girl doing the action is also its object

From this reading Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.

ItalynounUS /ˈɪtəli/

a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

Laval

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

letternounUS /ˈletər/

a written message addressed to a person or organization

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

lookverbUS /lʊk/

perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.

lookedverbUS /lʊkt/

past form of “look” — perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.

MnounUS /em/

the basic unit of length adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites (approximately 1.094 yards)

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

makingnounUS /ˈmeɪkɪŋ/

the act that results in something coming to be

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

Marmontel

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

massnounUS /mæs/

the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

materialadjectiveUS /məˈtɪriəl/

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual interests

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

meantverbUS /ment/

inflected form of “mean” — mean or intend to express or convey

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

MisanthropenounUS /ˈmɪsənθroʊp/

someone who dislikes people in general

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

Molière's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.

neednounUS /niːd/

a condition requiring relief

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

needingverbUS /ˈniːdɪŋ/

-ing form of “need” — require as useful, just, or proper

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

neitherdeterminerUS /ˈniːðər/

not one and not the other of two

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

obligedadjectiveUS /əˈblaɪdʒd/

under a moral obligation to do something

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.

pagesnounUS /ˈpeɪdʒəz/

plural of “page” — one side of one leaf (of a book or magazine or newspaper or letter etc.) or the written or pictorial matter it contains

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

piecenounUS /piːs/

a separate part of a whole

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

pleaseverbUS /pliːz/

give pleasure to or be pleasing to

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

professingnounUS /prəˈfesɪŋ/

an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

quarrelnounUS /ˈkwɔːrəl/

an angry dispute

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

readersnounUS /ˈriːdərz/

plural of “reader” — a person who enjoys reading

From this reading Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.

receivedadjectiveUS /rəˈsiːvd/

conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

seriousadjectiveUS /ˈsɪriəs/

concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.

simpleadjectiveUS /ˈsɪmpəl/

having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

springnounUS /sprɪŋ/

the season of growth

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

storynounUS /ˈstɔːri/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.

thinkingnounUS /ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/

the process of using your mind to consider something carefully

From this reading Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

twenty-firstadjectiveUS /ˈtwentifɜːrst/

coming next after the twentieth in position

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.

vainadjectiveUS /veɪn/

characteristic of false pride; having an exaggerated sense of self-importance

From this reading He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making new connections.

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages again.

witsnounUS /wɪts/

the basic human power of intelligent thought and perception

From this reading Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what she has looked to.

Chapter 4 of Fors Clavigera by John Ruskin holds 269 sentences, grouped into 54 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Fors Clavigera contain?

Chapter 4 holds 269 sentences of Fors Clavigera, unabridged, divided into 54 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Fors Clavigera by John Ruskin exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 269 sentences, grouped into 54 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Fors Clavigera?

Work through the 54 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 54 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Fors Clavigera

Common questions about reading Fors Clavigera by John Ruskin on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Fors Clavigera?

Yes. All 2689 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #67544 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Fors Clavigera is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #67544, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Fors Clavigera take to read?

About 224 minutes of reading across 538 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Fors Clavigera section by section

How to work through Fors Clavigera section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 12 chapters of Fors Clavigera to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Fors Clavigera

Words and structures a reader meets early in Fors Clavigera, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

January
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Selon
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Prophetes
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Charit
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.