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Fors Clavigera
Fors Clavigera

Chapter IX

Chapter 9 of Fors Clavigera is here in full — 213 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/42 · 5 lines
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I have received, from the author, M.
Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”
I do not know why M. de Lavelaye sent me this pamphlet.
I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.
On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Fors Clavigera

Chapter IX

Chapter 9 of Fors Clavigera is here in full — 213 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/42 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
I have received, from the author, M.
/aɪ hæv rəˈsiːvd frʌm ðə ˈɔːθər em/
Line 2
Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”
Line 3
I do not know why M. de Lavelaye sent me this pamphlet.
Line 4
I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.
/aɪ θæŋk hɪm fɔːr ðə ˈkɜːrtəsi bʌt hiː hæz ˈevədəntli red nʌn ʌv maɪ bʊks ɔːr mʌst hæv bɪn əˈwer ðæt hiː kʊd nɑːt hæv ˈrɪtən ˈeniθɪŋ mɔːr ˈkɑːntreri tuː ðə pəˈzɪʃənz wɪtʃ aɪ æm pəˈlɪtɪkəli meɪnˈteɪnɪŋ/
Line 5
On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.
/ɑːn ðə ˈʌðər hænd aɪ hæv red nʌn ʌv hɪz bʊks ənd aɪ ˈɡæðər frʌm ˈpæsədʒəz ɪn hɪz ˈpæmflət ðæt ðer meɪ biː mʌtʃ ɪn ðem tuː wɪtʃ aɪ ʃʊd biː ˈeɪbəl tuː ɪkˈspres ɪnˈtaɪər ædˈhiːʒən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

adhesion noun US /ædˈhiːʒən/

abnormal union of bodily tissues; most common in the abdomen

From this reading “On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.”

Catholicism noun US /kəˈθɔːləsɪzəm/

the beliefs and practices of a Catholic Church

From this reading “Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.””

Gladstone noun US /ˈɡlædstoʊn/

liberal British statesman who served as prime minister four times (1809-1898)

From this reading “Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.””

introductory adjective US /ˌɪntrəˈdʌktəri/

serving to open or begin

From this reading “Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.””

maintaining verb US /meɪnˈteɪnɪŋ/

-ing form of “maintain” — cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading “I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.”

pamphlet noun US /ˈpæmflət/

a small book usually having a paper cover

From this reading “Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.””

politically adverb US /pəˈlɪtɪkəli/

with regard to social relationships involving authority

From this reading “I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.”

Protestantism noun US /ˈprɑːtəstəntɪzəm/

the theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation

From this reading “Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.””

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

other hand adjective + noun

In this reading “On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.”

gather from verb + particle

In this reading “On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.”

know why verb + noun

In this reading “I do not know why M. de Lavelaye sent me this pamphlet.”

All words in this reading · 80

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

ableadjectiveUS /ˈeɪbəl/

(usually followed by “to”) having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something

From this reading On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.

adhesionnounUS /ædˈhiːʒən/

abnormal union of bodily tissues; most common in the abdomen

From this reading On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.

amauxiliary verbUS /æm/

the form of “be” used with “I”

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

anythingpronounUS /ˈeniθɪŋ/

any thing at all

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

authornounUS /ˈɔːθər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading I have received, from the author, M.

awareadjectiveUS /əˈwer/

(sometimes followed by “of”) having or showing knowledge or understanding or realization or perception

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.

bearingnounUS /ˈberɪŋ/

relevant relation or interconnection

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

booksnounUS /bʊks/

Bound written or printed works.

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

CatholicismnounUS /kəˈθɔːləsɪzəm/

the beliefs and practices of a Catholic Church

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

contraryadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːntreri/

very opposed in nature or character or purpose

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

courtesynounUS /ˈkɜːrtəsi/

a courteous or respectful or considerate act

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

denounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading I do not know why M. de Lavelaye sent me this pamphlet.

entireadjectiveUS /ɪnˈtaɪər/

constituting the full quantity or extent; complete

From this reading On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.

evidentlyadverbUS /ˈevədəntli/

unmistakably (“plain” is often used informally for “plainly”)

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

expressverbUS /ɪkˈspres/

give expression to

From this reading On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading I have received, from the author, M.

gatherverbUS /ˈɡæðər/

assemble or get together

From this reading On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.

GladstonenounUS /ˈɡlædstoʊn/

liberal British statesman who served as prime minister four times (1809-1898)

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading I have received, from the author, M.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I have received, from the author, M.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

introductoryadjectiveUS /ˌɪntrəˈdʌktəri/

serving to open or begin

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading I do not know why M. de Lavelaye sent me this pamphlet.

Lavelaye

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

LetternounUS /ˈletər/

a written message addressed to a person or organization

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

LibertynounUS /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

MnounUS /em/

the basic unit of length adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites (approximately 1.094 yards)

From this reading I have received, from the author, M.

maintainingverbUS /meɪnˈteɪnɪŋ/

-ing form of “maintain” — cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading I do not know why M. de Lavelaye sent me this pamphlet.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

NationsnounUS /ˈneɪʃənz/

plural of “nation” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

nonepronounUS /nʌn/

not one, and not any

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading I do not know why M. de Lavelaye sent me this pamphlet.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.

pamphletnounUS /ˈpæmflət/

a small book usually having a paper cover

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

passagesnounUS /ˈpæsədʒəz/

plural of “passage” — the act of passing from one state or place to the next

From this reading On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.

politicallyadverbUS /pəˈlɪtɪkəli/

with regard to social relationships involving authority

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

positionsnounUS /pəˈzɪʃənz/

plural of “position” — the particular portion of space occupied by something

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

ProsperitynounUS /prɑːˈsperəti/

an economic state of growth with rising profits and full employment

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

ProtestantismnounUS /ˈprɑːtəstəntɪzəm/

the theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

readverbUS /red/

interpret something that is written or printed

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

receivedadjectiveUS /rəˈsiːvd/

conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers

From this reading I have received, from the author, M.

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading I do not know why M. de Lavelaye sent me this pamphlet.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.

thankverbUS /θæŋk/

express gratitude or show appreciation to

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading I have received, from the author, M.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading On the other hand, I have read none of his books, and I gather from passages in his pamphlet that there may be much in them to which I should be able to express entire adhesion.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading I do not know why M. de Lavelaye sent me this pamphlet.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

whynounUS /waɪ/

the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase “the whys and wherefores”

From this reading I do not know why M. de Lavelaye sent me this pamphlet.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

writtenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtən/

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading I thank him for the courtesy; but he has evidently read none of my books, or must have been aware that he could not have written anything more contrary to the positions which I am politically maintaining.

Émile

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Émile de Lavelaye, his pamphlet,—“Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations, with an introductory Letter by Mr. Gladstone.”

Chapter 9 of Fors Clavigera by John Ruskin holds 213 sentences, grouped into 43 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 9 of Fors Clavigera contain?

Chapter 9 holds 213 sentences of Fors Clavigera, unabridged, divided into 43 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 9 of Fors Clavigera by John Ruskin exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 213 sentences, grouped into 43 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 9 of Fors Clavigera?

Work through the 43 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 43 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 9 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 9 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Fors Clavigera

Common questions about reading Fors Clavigera by John Ruskin on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Fors Clavigera?

Yes. All 2791 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #68013 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Fors Clavigera is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #68013, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Fors Clavigera take to read?

About 232 minutes of reading across 559 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Fors Clavigera section by section

How to work through Fors Clavigera section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 12 chapters of Fors Clavigera to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Fors Clavigera

Words and structures a reader meets early in Fors Clavigera, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Wonder
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Small
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Proportion
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Intend
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fors Clavigera; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.