Chapter 1 of Four Arthurian Romances is here in full — 232 sentences across 47 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.
A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.
Chapter I
Chapter 1 of Four Arthurian Romances is here in full — 232 sentences across 47 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.
Fl. 12th Century A.D. Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes. Carroll, Carleton W. (Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).
Chapter 1 of Four Arthurian Romances is here in full — 232 sentences across 47 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.
Reading 1/46 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5
These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.
Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.
English author; Charles Dodgson was an Oxford don of mathematics who is remembered for the children's stories he wrote under the pen name Lewis Carroll (1832-1898)
From this reading “Carroll, Carleton W.”
a period of 100 years
From this reading “12th Century A.D.”
adorn with bands of flowers or leaves
From this reading “(Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).”
a room where books are kept
From this reading “(Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).”
creative writing of recognized artistic value
From this reading “(Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).”
relating to or belonging to the Middle Ages
From this reading “(Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).”
in an original manner
From this reading “Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.”
at some indefinite or unstated time
From this reading “Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.”
Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.
Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading 12th Century A.D.
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading (Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).
used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one
From this reading 12th Century A.D.
used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together
From this reading (Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).
showing who or what does the action
From this reading Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Carroll, Carleton W.
English author; Charles Dodgson was an Oxford don of mathematics who is remembered for the children's stories he wrote under the pen name Lewis Carroll (1832-1898)
From this reading Carroll, Carleton W.
a period of 100 years
From this reading 12th Century A.D.
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.
an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business
From this reading Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.
a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents rickets
From this reading 12th Century A.D.
a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies
From this reading Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading (Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).
impotence resulting from a man's inability to have or maintain an erection of his penis
From this reading (Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading (Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading (Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).
a state in southeastern United States between the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War
From this reading Fl.
the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France
From this reading Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.
adorn with bands of flowers or leaves
From this reading (Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).
consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity
From this reading Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.
inside something, or within a place, period, or state
From this reading Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.
a room where books are kept
From this reading (Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).
creative writing of recognized artistic value
From this reading (Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).
the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center
From this reading (Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).
relating to or belonging to the Middle Ages
From this reading (Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).
not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered
From this reading (Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).
belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something
From this reading Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.
(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age
From this reading Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.
in an original manner
From this reading Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.
a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry)
From this reading Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.
1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites
From this reading Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.
at some indefinite or unstated time
From this reading Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.
used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind
From this reading Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.
a heavy grey-white metallic element; the pure form is used mainly in electrical applications; it is found in several ores including wolframite and scheelite
From this reading Carroll, Carleton W.
set down in writing in any of various ways
From this reading Originally written in Old French, sometime in the second half of the 12th Century A.D., by the court poet Chrétien de Troyes.
the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose
From this reading (Ed.): "Chrétien DeTroyes: Erec and Enide" (Garland Library of Medieval Literature, New York & London, 1987).
Chapter 1 of Four Arthurian Romances by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien holds 232 sentences, grouped into 47 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.
Chapter 1 holds 232 sentences of Four Arthurian Romances, unabridged, divided into 47 reading sections.
This page carries chapter 1 of Four Arthurian Romances by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 232 sentences, grouped into 47 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.
Work through the 47 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.
Each of the 47 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.
Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.
Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.
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About 600 minutes of reading across 1858 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.
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Words and structures a reader meets early in Four Arthurian Romances, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.
