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Four Arthurian Romances
Four Arthurian Romances

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of Four Arthurian Romances is here in full — 227 sentences across 46 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Four Arthurian Romances
Context Illustration Reading 1/45 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
(Vv.
863-1080.) The large place was cleared, with the people gathered all around.
They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.
They must needs lose their stirrups, so that they both fall to the ground, and the horses run off across the field.
Though smitten with the lances, they are quickly on their feet again, and draw their swords from the scabbards.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Four Arthurian Romances

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of Four Arthurian Romances is here in full — 227 sentences across 46 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/45 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
(Vv.
Line 2
863-1080.) The large place was cleared, with the people gathered all around.
Line 3
They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.
Line 4
They must needs lose their stirrups, so that they both fall to the ground, and the horses run off across the field.
/ðeɪ mʌst niːdz luːz ðer ˈstɜːrəps soʊ ðæt ðeɪ boʊθ fɔːl tuː ðə ɡraʊnd ənd ðə ˈhɔːrsəz rʌn ɔːf əˈkrɔːs ðə fiːld/
Line 5
Though smitten with the lances, they are quickly on their feet again, and draw their swords from the scabbards.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

acre noun US /ˈeɪkər/

a unit of area (4840 square yards) used in English-speaking countries

From this reading “They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.”

bits noun US /bɪts/

plural of “bit” — a small piece or quantity of something

From this reading “They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.”

pierced adjective US /pɪrst/

having a hole cut through

From this reading “They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.”

shields noun US /ʃiːldz/

plural of “shield” — a protective covering or structure

From this reading “They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.”

smitten adjective US /ˈsmɪtən/

(used in combination) affected by something overwhelming

From this reading “Though smitten with the lances, they are quickly on their feet again, and draw their swords from the scabbards.”

split verb US /splɪt/

separate into parts or portions

From this reading “They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.”

stirrups noun US /ˈstɜːrəps/

plural of “stirrup” — support consisting of metal loops into which rider's feet go

From this reading “They must needs lose their stirrups, so that they both fall to the ground, and the horses run off across the field.”

tips noun US /tɪps/

plural of “tip” — the extreme end of something; especially something pointed

From this reading “They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.”

All words in this reading · 66

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1080

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 863-1080.) The large place was cleared, with the people gathered all around.

863

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 863-1080.) The large place was cleared, with the people gathered all around.

acrenounUS /ˈeɪkər/

a unit of area (4840 square yards) used in English-speaking countries

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

acrossprepositionUS /əˈkrɔːs/

from one side of something to the other

From this reading They must needs lose their stirrups, so that they both fall to the ground, and the horses run off across the field.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading Though smitten with the lances, they are quickly on their feet again, and draw their swords from the scabbards.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading 863-1080.) The large place was cleared, with the people gathered all around.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading 863-1080.) The large place was cleared, with the people gathered all around.

behindprepositionUS /bɪˈhaɪnd/

at or toward the back of something

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

bitsnounUS /bɪts/

plural of “bit” — a small piece or quantity of something

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading They must needs lose their stirrups, so that they both fall to the ground, and the horses run off across the field.

brokenadjectiveUS /ˈbroʊkən/

physically and forcibly separated into pieces or cracked or split

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

clearedadjectiveUS /klɪrd/

rid of objects or obstructions such as e.g. trees and brush

From this reading 863-1080.) The large place was cleared, with the people gathered all around.

crackverbUS /kræk/

become fractured; break or crack on the surface only

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

drawverbUS /drɔː/

cause to move by pulling

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

driveverbUS /draɪv/

operate or control a vehicle

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

fallverbUS /fɔːl/

descend in free fall under the influence of gravity

From this reading They must needs lose their stirrups, so that they both fall to the ground, and the horses run off across the field.

feetnounUS /fiːt/

plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading Though smitten with the lances, they are quickly on their feet again, and draw their swords from the scabbards.

fieldnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading They must needs lose their stirrups, so that they both fall to the ground, and the horses run off across the field.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

gatheredadjectiveUS /ˈɡæðərd/

brought together in one place

From this reading 863-1080.) The large place was cleared, with the people gathered all around.

groundnounUS /ɡraʊnd/

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading They must needs lose their stirrups, so that they both fall to the ground, and the horses run off across the field.

hardadjectiveUS /hɑːrd/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

horsesnounUS /ˈhɔːrsəz/

plural of “horse” — solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

knockedverbUS /nɑːkt/

past form of “knock” — deliver a sharp blow or push

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

lances

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading 863-1080.) The large place was cleared, with the people gathered all around.

loseverbUS /luːz/

fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense

From this reading They must needs lose their stirrups, so that they both fall to the ground, and the horses run off across the field.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading They must needs lose their stirrups, so that they both fall to the ground, and the horses run off across the field.

needsadverbUS /niːdz/

in such a manner as could not be otherwise

From this reading They must needs lose their stirrups, so that they both fall to the ground, and the horses run off across the field.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Though smitten with the lances, they are quickly on their feet again, and draw their swords from the scabbards.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading 863-1080.) The large place was cleared, with the people gathered all around.

piercedadjectiveUS /pɪrst/

having a hole cut through

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading 863-1080.) The large place was cleared, with the people gathered all around.

quicklyadverbUS /ˈkwɪkli/

with speed

From this reading Though smitten with the lances, they are quickly on their feet again, and draw their swords from the scabbards.

reachverbUS /riːtʃ/

reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

runverbUS /rʌn/

move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time

From this reading They must needs lose their stirrups, so that they both fall to the ground, and the horses run off across the field.

saddle-bows

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

scabbards

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Though smitten with the lances, they are quickly on their feet again, and draw their swords from the scabbards.

shieldsnounUS /ʃiːldz/

plural of “shield” — a protective covering or structure

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

smittenadjectiveUS /ˈsmɪtən/

(used in combination) affected by something overwhelming

From this reading Though smitten with the lances, they are quickly on their feet again, and draw their swords from the scabbards.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

spacenounUS /speɪs/

the unlimited expanse in which everything is located

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

splitverbUS /splɪt/

separate into parts or portions

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

stirrupsnounUS /ˈstɜːrəps/

plural of “stirrup” — support consisting of metal loops into which rider's feet go

From this reading They must needs lose their stirrups, so that they both fall to the ground, and the horses run off across the field.

strikeverbUS /straɪk/

deliver a sharp blow, as with the hand, fist, or weapon

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

swordsnounUS /sɔːrdz/

plural of “sword” — a cutting or thrusting weapon that has a long metal blade and a hilt with a hand guard

From this reading Though smitten with the lances, they are quickly on their feet again, and draw their swords from the scabbards.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading 863-1080.) The large place was cleared, with the people gathered all around.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

ThoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Though smitten with the lances, they are quickly on their feet again, and draw their swords from the scabbards.

tipsnounUS /tɪps/

plural of “tip” — the extreme end of something; especially something pointed

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading They draw off from each other the space of an acre, then drive their horses together; they reach for each other with the tips of their lances, and strike each other so hard that the shields are pierced and broken; the lances split and crack; the saddle-bows are knocked to bits behind.

Vv

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading (Vv.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading 863-1080.) The large place was cleared, with the people gathered all around.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading 863-1080.) The large place was cleared, with the people gathered all around.

Chapter 3 of Four Arthurian Romances by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien holds 227 sentences, grouped into 46 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Four Arthurian Romances contain?

Chapter 3 holds 227 sentences of Four Arthurian Romances, unabridged, divided into 46 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Four Arthurian Romances by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 227 sentences, grouped into 46 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Four Arthurian Romances?

Work through the 46 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 46 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Four Arthurian Romances

Common questions about reading Four Arthurian Romances by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Four Arthurian Romances?

Yes. All 9290 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #831 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Four Arthurian Romances is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #831, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Four Arthurian Romances take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1858 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Four Arthurian Romances section by section

How to work through Four Arthurian Romances section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Four Arthurian Romances

Words and structures a reader meets early in Four Arthurian Romances, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Century
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Four Arthurian Romances; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Originally
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Four Arthurian Romances; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Written
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Four Arthurian Romances; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
French
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Four Arthurian Romances; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.