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Four Arthurian Romances
Four Arthurian Romances

Chapter X · Chapter 10

Chapter 10 of Four Arthurian Romances is here in full — 310 sentences across 62 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/62 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
(Vv.
5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.
And all around, beneath this wall, ran a very deep stream, roaring rushing like a storm.
Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.
"Friend," said he to his kind companion, "could you tell me the name of this town, and whose it is?
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Four Arthurian Romances

Chapter X · Chapter 10

Chapter 10 of Four Arthurian Romances is here in full — 310 sentences across 62 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/62 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
(Vv.
Line 2
5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.
Line 3
And all around, beneath this wall, ran a very deep stream, roaring rushing like a storm.
/ənd ɔːl ərˈaʊnd bɪˈniːθ ðɪs wɔːl ræn ə ˈveri diːp striːm ˈrɔːrɪŋ ˈrʌʃɪŋ laɪk ə stɔːrm/
Line 4
Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.
Line 5
"Friend," said he to his kind companion, "could you tell me the name of this town, and whose it is?
/frend sed hiː tuː hɪz kaɪnd kəmˈpænjən kʊd juː tel miː ðə neɪm ʌv ðɪs taʊn ənd huːz ɪt ɪz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

girt verb US /ɡɜːrt/

inflected form of “gird” — prepare oneself for a military confrontation

From this reading “5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.”

leagues noun US /liːɡz/

plural of “league” — an association of sports teams that organizes matches for its members

From this reading “5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.”

morn noun US /mɔːrn/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading “5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.”

roaring noun US /ˈrɔːrɪŋ/

a deep prolonged loud noise

From this reading “And all around, beneath this wall, ran a very deep stream, roaring rushing like a storm.”

stops noun US /stɑːps/

a gambling card game in which chips are placed on the ace and king and queen and jack of separate suits (taken from a separate deck)

From this reading “Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.”

stronghold noun US /ˈstrɔːŋhoʊld/

a strongly fortified defensive structure

From this reading “5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.”

towers noun US /ˈtaʊərz/

plural of “tower” — a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building

From this reading “5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.”

Welsh noun US /weltʃ/

a native or resident of Wales

From this reading “5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.”

All words in this reading · 75

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

136

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

5367

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

5446

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading And all around, beneath this wall, ran a very deep stream, roaring rushing like a storm.

askverbUS /æsk/

make a request or demand for something to somebody

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

beneathprepositionUS /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading And all around, beneath this wall, ran a very deep stream, roaring rushing like a storm.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

companionnounUS /kəmˈpænjən/

a friend who is frequently in the company of another

From this reading "Friend," said he to his kind companion, "could you tell me the name of this town, and whose it is?

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

deepadjectiveUS /diːp/

relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply

From this reading And all around, beneath this wall, ran a very deep stream, roaring rushing like a storm.

Erec

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

evenounUS /iːv/

(Old Testament) Adam's wife in Judeo-Christian mythology: the first woman and mother of the human race; God created Eve from Adam's rib and placed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

fairadjectiveUS /fer/

free from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

FriendnounUS /frend/

a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading "Friend," said he to his kind companion, "could you tell me the name of this town, and whose it is?

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

girtverbUS /ɡɜːrt/

inflected form of “gird” — prepare oneself for a military confrontation

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading "Friend," said he to his kind companion, "could you tell me the name of this town, and whose it is?

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading "Friend," said he to his kind companion, "could you tell me the name of this town, and whose it is?

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "Friend," said he to his kind companion, "could you tell me the name of this town, and whose it is?

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading "Friend," said he to his kind companion, "could you tell me the name of this town, and whose it is?

leaguesnounUS /liːɡz/

plural of “league” — an association of sports teams that organizes matches for its members

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading And all around, beneath this wall, ran a very deep stream, roaring rushing like a storm.

lookverbUS /lʊk/

perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

lordnounUS /lɔːrd/

terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading "Friend," said he to his kind companion, "could you tell me the name of this town, and whose it is?

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

mornnounUS /mɔːrn/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading "Friend," said he to his kind companion, "could you tell me the name of this town, and whose it is?

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

ranverbUS /ræn/

inflected form of “run” — move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time

From this reading And all around, beneath this wall, ran a very deep stream, roaring rushing like a storm.

richadjectiveUS /rɪtʃ/

possessing material wealth

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

roaringnounUS /ˈrɔːrɪŋ/

a deep prolonged loud noise

From this reading And all around, beneath this wall, ran a very deep stream, roaring rushing like a storm.

rodeverbUS /roʊd/

inflected form of “ride” — sit and travel on the back of animal, usually while controlling its motions

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

rushingnounUS /ˈrʌʃɪŋ/

(American football) an attempt to advance the ball by running into the line

From this reading And all around, beneath this wall, ran a very deep stream, roaring rushing like a storm.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading "Friend," said he to his kind companion, "could you tell me the name of this town, and whose it is?

stopsnounUS /stɑːps/

a gambling card game in which chips are placed on the ace and king and queen and jack of separate suits (taken from a separate deck)

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

stormverbUS /stɔːrm/

behave violently, as if in state of a great anger

From this reading And all around, beneath this wall, ran a very deep stream, roaring rushing like a storm.

straightadjectiveUS /streɪt/

successive (without a break)

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

streamnounUS /striːm/

a natural body of running water flowing on or under the earth

From this reading And all around, beneath this wall, ran a very deep stream, roaring rushing like a storm.

strongholdnounUS /ˈstrɔːŋhoʊld/

a strongly fortified defensive structure

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

tellverbUS /tel/

express in words

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

thirtynounUS /ˈθɜːrdiː/

the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading And all around, beneath this wall, ran a very deep stream, roaring rushing like a storm.

tillprepositionUS /tɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

towersnounUS /ˈtaʊərz/

plural of “tower” — a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

townnounUS /taʊn/

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

trulyadverbUS /ˈtruːli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading And all around, beneath this wall, ran a very deep stream, roaring rushing like a storm.

Vv

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading (Vv.

wallnounUS /wɔːl/

an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

WelshnounUS /weltʃ/

a native or resident of Wales

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Erec stops to look at it, and ask and find out if any one could truly tell him who was the lord of this town.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading "Friend," said he to his kind companion, "could you tell me the name of this town, and whose it is?

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading 5367-5446.) [136] They rode straight on from morn till eve more than thirty Welsh leagues, and then came to the towers of a stronghold, rich and fair, girt all about with a new wall.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading "Friend," said he to his kind companion, "could you tell me the name of this town, and whose it is?

Chapter 10 of Four Arthurian Romances by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien holds 310 sentences, grouped into 62 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 10 of Four Arthurian Romances contain?

Chapter 10 holds 310 sentences of Four Arthurian Romances, unabridged, divided into 62 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 10 of Four Arthurian Romances by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 310 sentences, grouped into 62 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 10 of Four Arthurian Romances?

Work through the 62 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 62 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 10 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 10 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Four Arthurian Romances

Common questions about reading Four Arthurian Romances by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Four Arthurian Romances?

Yes. All 9290 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #831 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Four Arthurian Romances is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #831, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Four Arthurian Romances take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1858 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Four Arthurian Romances section by section

How to work through Four Arthurian Romances section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in Four Arthurian Romances

Words and structures a reader meets early in Four Arthurian Romances, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Century
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Four Arthurian Romances; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Originally
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Four Arthurian Romances; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Written
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Four Arthurian Romances; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
French
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Four Arthurian Romances; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.