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Four Arthurian Romances
Four Arthurian Romances

Chapter XIII · Chapter 13

Chapter 13 of Four Arthurian Romances is here in full — 284 sentences across 57 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/56 · 5 lines
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(Vv.
45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.
A very noble empress, too, there was, by whom the emperor had two children.
But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.
The name of the elder was Alexander, and the other's name was Alis.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Four Arthurian Romances

Chapter XIII · Chapter 13

Chapter 13 of Four Arthurian Romances is here in full — 284 sentences across 57 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/56 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
(Vv.
Line 2
45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.
Line 3
A very noble empress, too, there was, by whom the emperor had two children.
/ə ˈveri ˈnoʊbəl ˈempres tuː ðer wɑːz baɪ huːm ðə ˈempərər hæd tuː ˈtʃɪldrən/
Line 4
But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.
/bʌt ðə ˈeldər sʌn wɑːz ɔːlˈredi soʊ fɑːr ədˈvænst bɪˈfɔːr ðə ˈjʌŋɡər wʌn wɑːz bɔːrn ðæt ɪf hiː hæd wɪʃt hiː maɪt hæv bɪˈkʌm ə naɪt ənd held ɔːl ðə ˈempaɪər bɪˈniːθ hɪz sweɪ/
Line 5
The name of the elder was Alexander, and the other's name was Alis.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Alexander noun US /ˌæləɡˈzændər/

European herb somewhat resembling celery widely naturalized in Britain coastal regions and often cultivated as a potherb

From this reading “The name of the elder was Alexander, and the other's name was Alis.”

begins noun US /bɪˈɡɪnz/

plural of “begin” — Israeli statesman (born in Russia) who (as prime minister of Israel) negotiated a peace treaty with Anwar Sadat (then the president of Egypt) (1913-1992)

From this reading “45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.”

Constantinople noun US /ˌkɑːnstæntəˈnoʊpəl/

the largest city and former capital of Turkey

From this reading “45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.”

empire noun US /ˈempaɪər/

the domain ruled by an emperor or empress; the region over which imperial dominion is exercised

From this reading “But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.”

empress noun US /ˈempres/

a woman emperor or the wife of an emperor

From this reading “A very noble empress, too, there was, by whom the emperor had two children.”

Greece noun US /ɡriːs/

a republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula; known for grapes and olives and olive oil

From this reading “45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.”

ruled adjective US /ruːld/

subject to a ruling authority

From this reading “45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.”

sway verb US /sweɪ/

move back and forth or sideways

From this reading “But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.”

All words in this reading · 68

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

134

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

45

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A very noble empress, too, there was, by whom the emperor had two children.

advancedadjectiveUS /ədˈvænst/

farther along in physical or mental development

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

AlexandernounUS /ˌæləɡˈzændər/

European herb somewhat resembling celery widely naturalized in Britain coastal regions and often cultivated as a potherb

From this reading The name of the elder was Alexander, and the other's name was Alis.

Alis

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The name of the elder was Alexander, and the other's name was Alis.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

beginsnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnz/

plural of “begin” — Israeli statesman (born in Russia) who (as prime minister of Israel) negotiated a peace treaty with Anwar Sadat (then the president of Egypt) (1913-1992)

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

beneathprepositionUS /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading A very noble empress, too, there was, by whom the emperor had two children.

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading A very noble empress, too, there was, by whom the emperor had two children.

Chrétien

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

ConstantinoplenounUS /ˌkɑːnstæntəˈnoʊpəl/

the largest city and former capital of Turkey

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

eldernounUS /ˈeldər/

a person who is older than you are

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

emperornounUS /ˈempərər/

the male ruler of an empire

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

empirenounUS /ˈempaɪər/

the domain ruled by an emperor or empress; the region over which imperial dominion is exercised

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

empressnounUS /ˈempres/

a woman emperor or the wife of an emperor

From this reading A very noble empress, too, there was, by whom the emperor had two children.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

GreecenounUS /ɡriːs/

a republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula; known for grapes and olives and olive oil

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading A very noble empress, too, there was, by whom the emperor had two children.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

honournounUS /ˈɑːnər/

the state of being honored

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

knightnounUS /naɪt/

originally a person of noble birth trained to arms and chivalry; today in Great Britain a person honored by the sovereign for personal merit

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading The name of the elder was Alexander, and the other's name was Alis.

nobleadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊbəl/

impressive in appearance

From this reading A very noble empress, too, there was, by whom the emperor had two children.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

other's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The name of the elder was Alexander, and the other's name was Alis.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

powerfuladjectiveUS /ˈpaʊərfəl/

having great power or force or potency or effect

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

ruledadjectiveUS /ruːld/

subject to a ruling authority

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

storynounUS /ˈstɔːri/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

swayverbUS /sweɪ/

move back and forth or sideways

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

tellsnounUS /telz/

plural of “tell” — a Swiss patriot who lived in the early 14th century and who was renowned for his skill as an archer

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading A very noble empress, too, there was, by whom the emperor had two children.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading A very noble empress, too, there was, by whom the emperor had two children.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading A very noble empress, too, there was, by whom the emperor had two children.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading A very noble empress, too, there was, by whom the emperor had two children.

Vv

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading (Vv.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading A very noble empress, too, there was, by whom the emperor had two children.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

wealthnounUS /welθ/

the state of being rich and affluent; having a plentiful supply of material goods and money

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading 45-134.) Chrétien begins his story as we find it in the history, which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading A very noble empress, too, there was, by whom the emperor had two children.

wishedverbUS /wɪʃt/

past form of “wish” — hope for; have a wish

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

youngeradjectiveUS /ˈjʌŋɡər/

used of the younger of two persons of the same name especially used to distinguish a son from his father

From this reading But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that, if he had wished, he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway.

Chapter 13 of Four Arthurian Romances by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien holds 284 sentences, grouped into 57 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 13 of Four Arthurian Romances contain?

Chapter 13 holds 284 sentences of Four Arthurian Romances, unabridged, divided into 57 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 13 of Four Arthurian Romances by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 284 sentences, grouped into 57 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 13 of Four Arthurian Romances?

Work through the 57 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 57 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 13 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 13 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Four Arthurian Romances

Common questions about reading Four Arthurian Romances by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Four Arthurian Romances?

Yes. All 9290 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #831 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Four Arthurian Romances is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #831, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Four Arthurian Romances take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1858 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Four Arthurian Romances section by section

How to work through Four Arthurian Romances section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Four Arthurian Romances

Words and structures a reader meets early in Four Arthurian Romances, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Century
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Four Arthurian Romances; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Originally
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Four Arthurian Romances; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Written
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Four Arthurian Romances; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
French
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Four Arthurian Romances; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.