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Four Arthurian Romances
Four Arthurian Romances

Chapter XXVIII · Chapter 28

Chapter 28 of Four Arthurian Romances is here in full — 212 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/42 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
(Vv.
4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.
He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.
Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?
Upon the spot, unless they refuse, battle will be offered them."
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Four Arthurian Romances

Chapter XXVIII · Chapter 28

Chapter 28 of Four Arthurian Romances is here in full — 212 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/42 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
(Vv.
Line 2
4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.
Line 3
He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.
Line 4
Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?
/ðen hiː huː hæd lʌvd hɜːr ˈdiːpli wʌns keɪm tuː hɜːr ənd reɪzd hɜːr ʌp ˈseɪɪŋ maɪ ˈdæmzəl wer ɑːr ðoʊz huː bleɪm ənd əˈkjuːz juː/
Line 5
Upon the spot, unless they refuse, battle will be offered them."
/əˈpɑːn ðə spɑːt ənˈles ðeɪ rəˈfjuːz ˈbætəl wɪl biː ˈɔːfərd ðem/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

accuse verb US /əˈkjuːz/

bring an accusation against; level a charge against

From this reading “Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?”

bemoaning verb US /bɪˈmoʊnɪŋ/

-ing form of “bemoan” — regret strongly

From this reading “4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.”

complaints noun US /kəmˈpleɪnts/

plural of “complaint” — an often persistent bodily disorder or disease; a cause for complaining

From this reading “4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.”

damsel noun US /ˈdæmzəl/

a young unmarried woman

From this reading “Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?”

groundless adjective US /ˈɡraʊndləs/

without a basis in reason or fact

From this reading “4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.”

shift verb US /ʃɪft/

make a shift in or exchange of

From this reading “He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.”

sins noun US /sɪnz/

plural of “sin” — estrangement from god

From this reading “He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.”

stripped adjective US /strɪpt/

having only essential or minimal features

From this reading “He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.”

All words in this reading · 68

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

4385

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

4474

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

accuseverbUS /əˈkjuːz/

bring an accusation against; level a charge against

From this reading Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?

assumedadjectiveUS /əˈsuːmd/

adopted in order to deceive

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

battlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading Upon the spot, unless they refuse, battle will be offered them."

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Upon the spot, unless they refuse, battle will be offered them."

bemoaningverbUS /bɪˈmoʊnɪŋ/

-ing form of “bemoan” — regret strongly

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

besought

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

blameverbUS /bleɪm/

put or pin the blame on

From this reading Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?

complaintsnounUS /kəmˈpleɪnts/

plural of “complaint” — an often persistent bodily disorder or disease; a cause for complaining

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

confessionnounUS /kənˈfeʃən/

an admission of misdeeds or faults

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

damselnounUS /ˈdæmzəl/

a young unmarried woman

From this reading Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?

deeplyadverbUS /ˈdiːpli/

to a great depth psychologically or emotionally

From this reading Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?

fatenounUS /feɪt/

an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

God'snounUS /ɡɑːdz/

possessive form of “god” — the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

groundlessadjectiveUS /ˈɡraʊndləs/

without a basis in reason or fact

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

heardadjectiveUS /hɜːrd/

detected or perceived by the sense of hearing

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

kneesnounUS /niːz/

plural of “knee” — hinge joint in the human leg connecting the tibia and fibula with the femur and protected in front by the patella

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

lordnounUS /lɔːrd/

terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

lovedadjectiveUS /lʌvd/

held dear

From this reading Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?

Lunete

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

mercynounUS /ˈmɜːrsi/

leniency and compassion shown toward offenders by a person or agency charged with administering justice

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

midstnounUS /mɪdst/

the location of something surrounded by other things

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

neitherdeterminerUS /ˈniːðər/

not one and not the other of two

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

offeredverbUS /ˈɔːfərd/

past form of “offer” — make available or accessible, provide or furnish

From this reading Upon the spot, unless they refuse, battle will be offered them."

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?

raisedadjectiveUS /reɪzd/

located or moved above the surround or above the normal position

From this reading Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?

refuseverbUS /rəˈfjuːz/

show unwillingness towards

From this reading Upon the spot, unless they refuse, battle will be offered them."

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

sayingnounUS /ˈseɪɪŋ/

a word or phrase that particular people use in particular situations

From this reading Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?

shiftverbUS /ʃɪft/

make a shift in or exchange of

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

sinsnounUS /sɪnz/

plural of “sin” — estrangement from god

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

spotnounUS /spɑːt/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading Upon the spot, unless they refuse, battle will be offered them."

strippedadjectiveUS /strɪpt/

having only essential or minimal features

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Upon the spot, unless they refuse, battle will be offered them."

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Upon the spot, unless they refuse, battle will be offered them."

ThenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?

ThusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading He saw Lunete on her knees and stripped to her shift, having already made confession, and besought God's mercy for her sins.

unlessconjunctionUS /ənˈles/

except if; if not

From this reading Upon the spot, unless they refuse, battle will be offered them."

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?

UponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Upon the spot, unless they refuse, battle will be offered them."

Vv

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading (Vv.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading Upon the spot, unless they refuse, battle will be offered them."

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading Then he who had loved her deeply once came to her and raised her up, saying: "My damsel, where are those who blame and accuse you?

Yvain

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 4385-4474.) Thus they were bemoaning their fate; and my lord Yvain who was in their midst, heard their complaints, which were neither groundless nor assumed.

Chapter 28 of Four Arthurian Romances by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien holds 212 sentences, grouped into 43 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 28 of Four Arthurian Romances contain?

Chapter 28 holds 212 sentences of Four Arthurian Romances, unabridged, divided into 43 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 28 of Four Arthurian Romances by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 212 sentences, grouped into 43 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 28 of Four Arthurian Romances?

Work through the 43 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 43 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 28 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 28 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Four Arthurian Romances

Common questions about reading Four Arthurian Romances by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Four Arthurian Romances?

Yes. All 9290 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #831 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Four Arthurian Romances is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #831, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Four Arthurian Romances take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1858 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Four Arthurian Romances section by section

How to work through Four Arthurian Romances section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Four Arthurian Romances

Words and structures a reader meets early in Four Arthurian Romances, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Century
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Four Arthurian Romances; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Originally
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Four Arthurian Romances; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Written
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Four Arthurian Romances; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
French
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Four Arthurian Romances; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.