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France and England in North America, Part III
France and England in North America, Part III

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of France and England in North America, Part III is here in full — 1304 sentences across 261 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

By Francis Parkman • Curated US English Learning Edition
Cover illustration for France and England in North America, Part III
Context Illustration Reading 1/260 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
1688-1689.
FATE OF THE TEXAN COLONY.
Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.
[Sidenote: COURAGE OF TONTY.]
Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

France and England in North America, Part III

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of France and England in North America, Part III is here in full — 1304 sentences across 261 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/260 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
1688-1689.
Line 2
FATE OF THE TEXAN COLONY.
/feɪt ʌv ðə ˈteksən ˈkɑːləni/
Line 3
Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.
Line 4
[Sidenote: COURAGE OF TONTY.]
Line 5
Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Arkansas noun US /ˈɑːrkənsɑː/

a state in south central United States; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War

From this reading “Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Colonists noun US /ˈkɑːlənɪsts/

plural of “colonist” — a person who settles in a new colony or moves into new country

From this reading “Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Couture noun US /kuːˈtʊr/

high fashion designing and dressmaking

From this reading “Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Hardships noun US /ˈhɑːrdʃɪps/

plural of “hardship” — a state of misfortune or affliction

From this reading “Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Havoc noun US /ˈhævək/

violent and needless disturbance

From this reading “Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Hostility noun US /hɑːˈstɪləti/

a hostile (very unfriendly) disposition

From this reading “Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Leon noun US /ˈliːɑːn/

a historical area and former kingdom in northwestern Spain

From this reading “Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
texan noun US /ˈteksən/

a native or resident of Texas

From this reading “FATE OF THE TEXAN COLONY.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1

All words in this reading · 48

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1688

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1688-1689.

Pending verification
1689

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1688-1689.

Pending verification
AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
Alonzo

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

Pending verification
andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
ArkansasnounUS /ˈɑːrkənsɑː/

a state in south central United States; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War

From this reading Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
attemptsnounUS /əˈtempts/

plural of “attempt” — earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
ColonistsnounUS /ˈkɑːlənɪsts/

plural of “colonist” — a person who settles in a new colony or moves into new country

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
COLONYnounUS /ˈkɑːləni/

a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading FATE OF THE TEXAN COLONY.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
COURAGEnounUS /ˈkɜːrədʒ/

a quality of spirit that enables you to face danger or pain without showing fear

From this reading [Sidenote: COURAGE OF TONTY.]

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
CouturenounUS /kuːˈtʊr/

high fashion designing and dressmaking

From this reading Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
denounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
DestructionnounUS /dɪˈstrʌkʃən/

the termination of something by causing so much damage to it that it cannot be repaired or no longer exists

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
DifficultiesnounUS /ˈdɪfəkəltiz/

plural of “difficulty” — an effort that is inconvenient

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
EndnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
ExpeditionnounUS /ˌekspəˈdɪʃən/

a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
FATEnounUS /feɪt/

an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future

From this reading FATE OF THE TEXAN COLONY.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
FortnounUS /fɔːrt/

a fortified military post where troops are stationed

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
HardshipsnounUS /ˈhɑːrdʃɪps/

plural of “hardship” — a state of misfortune or affliction

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
HavocnounUS /ˈhævək/

violent and needless disturbance

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
Henri

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.

Pending verification
hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
HostilitynounUS /hɑːˈstɪləti/

a hostile (very unfriendly) disposition

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
IndiansnounUS /ˈɪndiənz/

plural of “indian” — a native or inhabitant of India

From this reading Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
LeonnounUS /ˈliːɑːn/

a historical area and former kingdom in northwestern Spain

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
LouisnounUS /ˈluːɪs/

United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion for 12 years (1914-1981)

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading FATE OF THE TEXAN COLONY.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
reachesnounUS /ˈriːtʃəz/

plural of “reach” — the limits within which something can be effective

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
rescueverbUS /ˈreskjuː/

free from harm or evil

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
rocknounUS /rɑːk/

a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
ScenenounUS /siːn/

the place where some action occurs

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
SeptembernounUS /sepˈtembər/

the month following August and preceding October

From this reading Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Sidenote

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [Sidenote: COURAGE OF TONTY.]

Pending verification
SpanishnounUS /ˈspænɪʃ/

the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

Pending verification
TEXANnounUS /ˈteksən/

a native or resident of Texas

From this reading FATE OF THE TEXAN COLONY.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading FATE OF THE TEXAN COLONY.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
Tonty

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.--Spanish Hostility.--Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.--A Scene of Havoc.--Destruction of the French.--The End.

Pending verification
twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
visitedverbUS /ˈvɪzɪtɪd/

past form of “visit” — go to see a place, as for entertainment

From this reading Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Henri De Tonty, on his rock of St. Louis, was visited in September by Couture and two Indians from the Arkansas.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary

Chapter 31 of France and England in North America, Part III by Francis Parkman holds 1304 sentences, grouped into 261 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of France and England in North America, Part III contain?

Chapter 31 holds 1304 sentences of France and England in North America, Part III, unabridged, divided into 261 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of France and England in North America, Part III by Francis Parkman exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 1304 sentences, grouped into 261 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of France and England in North America, Part III?

Work through the 261 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 261 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading France and England in North America, Part III

Common questions about reading France and England in North America, Part III by Francis Parkman on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of France and England in North America, Part III?

Yes. All 6411 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #40143 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of France and England in North America, Part III is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #40143, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does France and England in North America, Part III take to read?

About 534 minutes of reading across 1283 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in France and England in North America, Part III

Words and structures a reader meets early in France and England in North America, Part III, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Original
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Variations
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Harmonized
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