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Fred Markham in Russia
Fred Markham in Russia

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Fred Markham in Russia is here in full — 420 sentences across 84 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Fred Markham in Russia
Context Illustration Reading 1/84 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
"That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.
On his death it reverted to the Russian Government.
Opposite to this row of palaces the Neva is very wide.
A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.
In the centre stands a church with a lofty golden pinnacle.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Fred Markham in Russia

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Fred Markham in Russia is here in full — 420 sentences across 84 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/84 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
"That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.
Line 2
On his death it reverted to the Russian Government.
/ɑːn hɪz deθ ɪt rɪˈvɜːrtɪd tuː ðə ˈrʌʃən ˈɡʌvərmənt/
Line 3
Opposite to this row of palaces the Neva is very wide.
/ˈɑːpəzət tuː ðɪs roʊ ʌv ˈpæləsəz ðə ˈneɪvə ɪz ˈveri waɪd/
Line 4
A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.
/ə bræntʃ ʌv ɪt rʌnz əˈweɪ ɪn ə mɔːr ˈnɔːrðərli dərˈekʃən ˈfɔːrmɪŋ æn ˈaɪlənd wɪtʃ hæz bɪn ˈkʌvərd wɪð ˌfɔːrtəfəˈkeɪʃənz ənd ɪz kɔːld ðə ˈsɪt.ə.del/
Line 5
In the centre stands a church with a lofty golden pinnacle.
/ɪn ðə ˈsentər stændz ə tʃɜːrtʃ wɪð ə ˈlɔːfti ˈɡoʊldən ˈpɪnəkəl/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

citadel noun US /ˈsɪt.ə.del/

A fortress protecting a city, metaphorically representing the invincible inner sanctuary of the rational mind.

From this reading “A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.”

fortifications noun US /ˌfɔːrtəfəˈkeɪʃənz/

plural of “fortification” — defensive structure consisting of walls or mounds built around a stronghold to strengthen it

From this reading “A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.”

inhabit verb US /ˌɪnˈhæbət/

be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading “"That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.”

Neva noun US /ˈneɪvə/

a river in northwestern Russia flowing generally west into the Gulf of Finland

From this reading “Opposite to this row of palaces the Neva is very wide.”

northerly adjective US /ˈnɔːrðərli/

situated in or oriented toward the north

From this reading “A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.”

pinnacle noun US /ˈpɪnəkəl/

(architecture) a slender upright spire at the top of a buttress of tower

From this reading “In the centre stands a church with a lofty golden pinnacle.”

reverted verb US /rɪˈvɜːrtɪd/

past form of “revert” — go back to a previous state

From this reading “On his death it reverted to the Russian Government.”

Wellington noun US /ˈwelɪŋtən/

British general and statesman; he defeated Napoleon at Waterloo; subsequently served as Prime Minister (1769-1852)

From this reading “"That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.”

All words in this reading · 67

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

AlexandernounUS /ˌæləɡˈzændər/

European herb somewhat resembling celery widely naturalized in Britain coastal regions and often cultivated as a potherb

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

becameverbUS /bɪˈkeɪm/

inflected form of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

branchnounUS /bræntʃ/

a division of some larger or more complex organization

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

centrenounUS /ˈsentər/

a low-lying region in central France

From this reading In the centre stands a church with a lofty golden pinnacle.

churchnounUS /tʃɜːrtʃ/

one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading In the centre stands a church with a lofty golden pinnacle.

citadelnounUS /ˈsɪt.ə.del/

A fortress protecting a city, metaphorically representing the invincible inner sanctuary of the rational mind.

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

coveredadjectiveUS /ˈkʌvərd/

overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading On his death it reverted to the Russian Government.

directionnounUS /dərˈekʃən/

a line leading to a place or point

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

DukenounUS /duːk/

a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

EmperornounUS /ˈempərər/

the male ruler of an empire

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

field-marshal

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

formingverbUS /ˈfɔːrmɪŋ/

-ing form of “form” — create (as an entity)

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

fortificationsnounUS /ˌfɔːrtəfəˈkeɪʃənz/

plural of “fortification” — defensive structure consisting of walls or mounds built around a stronghold to strengthen it

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

goldenadjectiveUS /ˈɡoʊldən/

having the deep slightly brownish color of gold

From this reading In the centre stands a church with a lofty golden pinnacle.

GovernmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading On his death it reverted to the Russian Government.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

Henshaw

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading On his death it reverted to the Russian Government.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

inhabitverbUS /ˌɪnˈhæbət/

be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Opposite to this row of palaces the Neva is very wide.

islandnounUS /ˈaɪlənd/

a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading On his death it reverted to the Russian Government.

loftyadjectiveUS /ˈlɔːfti/

of high moral or intellectual value; elevated in nature or style

From this reading In the centre stands a church with a lofty golden pinnacle.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

NevanounUS /ˈneɪvə/

a river in northwestern Russia flowing generally west into the Gulf of Finland

From this reading Opposite to this row of palaces the Neva is very wide.

northerlyadjectiveUS /ˈnɔːrðərli/

situated in or oriented toward the north

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading On his death it reverted to the Russian Government.

OppositeadjectiveUS /ˈɑːpəzət/

being directly across from each other; facing

From this reading Opposite to this row of palaces the Neva is very wide.

palacesnounUS /ˈpæləsəz/

plural of “palace” — a large and stately mansion

From this reading Opposite to this row of palaces the Neva is very wide.

pinnaclenounUS /ˈpɪnəkəl/

(architecture) a slender upright spire at the top of a buttress of tower

From this reading In the centre stands a church with a lofty golden pinnacle.

presentedverbUS /priˈzentɪd/

past form of “present” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

revertedverbUS /rɪˈvɜːrtɪd/

past form of “revert” — go back to a previous state

From this reading On his death it reverted to the Russian Government.

rownounUS /roʊ/

an arrangement of objects or people side by side in a line

From this reading Opposite to this row of palaces the Neva is very wide.

runsnounUS /rʌnz/

plural of “run” — a score in baseball made by a runner touching all four bases safely

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

RussianounUS /ˈrʌʃə/

a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia and others); officially dissolved 31 December 1991

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

RussiannounUS /ˈrʌʃən/

a native or inhabitant of Russia

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

standsnounUS /stændz/

plural of “stand” — a support or foundation

From this reading In the centre stands a church with a lofty golden pinnacle.

ThatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Opposite to this row of palaces the Neva is very wide.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Opposite to this row of palaces the Neva is very wide.

visitverbUS /ˈvɪzɪt/

go to see a place, as for entertainment

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

WellingtonnounUS /ˈwelɪŋtən/

British general and statesman; he defeated Napoleon at Waterloo; subsequently served as Prime Minister (1769-1852)

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading "That," said Mr Henshaw, "was presented by the Emperor Alexander to the Duke of Wellington, when he became a Russian field-marshal, that he might have a house to inhabit should he ever visit Russia.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

wideadjectiveUS /waɪd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading Opposite to this row of palaces the Neva is very wide.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading A branch of it runs away in a more northerly direction, forming an island which has been covered with fortifications, and is called the citadel.

Chapter 2 of Fred Markham in Russia by William Henry Giles Kingston holds 420 sentences, grouped into 84 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Fred Markham in Russia contain?

Chapter 2 holds 420 sentences of Fred Markham in Russia, unabridged, divided into 84 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Fred Markham in Russia by William Henry Giles Kingston exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 420 sentences, grouped into 84 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Fred Markham in Russia?

Work through the 84 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 84 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #21461, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 316 minutes of reading across 759 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Fred Markham in Russia

Words and structures a reader meets early in Fred Markham in Russia, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Markham
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fred Markham in Russia; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Russia
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fred Markham in Russia; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Travellers
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fred Markham in Russia; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Kingston
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Fred Markham in Russia; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.