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Frederick the Great and His Family
Frederick the Great and His Family

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of Frederick the Great and His Family is here in full — 276 sentences across 56 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/55 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.
His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.
Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.
For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.
Trenck still lived.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Frederick the Great and His Family

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of Frederick the Great and His Family is here in full — 276 sentences across 56 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/55 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.
Line 2
His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.
Line 3
Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.
Line 4
For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.
/fɔːr jɪrz hiː hæd peɪst wɪð ʃɔːrt ˈrestləs steps ðɪs ˈlɪtəl speɪs ðæt ˈkʌvərd hɪz ɡreɪv bʌt hiː smaɪld dərˈɪsɪvli æt ðə kɔːrs stoʊn wɪtʃ bɔːr hɪz neɪm/
Line 5
Trenck still lived.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

ashen adjective US /ˈæʃən/

anemic looking from illness or emotion

From this reading “His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.”

derisively adverb US /dərˈɪsɪvli/

in a disrespectful and mocking manner

From this reading “For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.”

encircled adjective US /ɪnˈsɜːrkəld/

confined on all sides

From this reading “Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.”

gigantic adjective US /dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/

so exceedingly large or extensive as to suggest a giant or mammoth

From this reading “His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.”

loneliness noun US /ˈloʊnlinəs/

the state of being alone in solitary isolation

From this reading “Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.”

paced verb US /peɪst/

past form of “pace” — walk with slow or fast paces

From this reading “For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.”

shrunk verb US /ʃrʌŋk/

inflected form of “shrink” — wither, as with a loss of moisture

From this reading “His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.”

skeleton noun US /ˈskelətən/

something reduced to its minimal form

From this reading “His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.”

All words in this reading · 76

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

apartadverbUS /əˈpɑːrt/

separated or at a distance in place or position or time

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

ashenadjectiveUS /ˈæʃən/

anemic looking from illness or emotion

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

attachedadjectiveUS /əˈtætʃt/

being joined in close association

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

bandnounUS /bænd/

an unofficial association of people or groups

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

barnounUS /bɑːr/

a room or establishment where alcoholic drinks are served over a counter

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

boreverbUS /bɔːr/

cause to be bored

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

bowedadjectiveUS /baʊd/

of a stringed instrument; sounded by stroking with a bow

From this reading Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.

broadadjectiveUS /brɔːd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

brokenadjectiveUS /ˈbroʊkən/

physically and forcibly separated into pieces or cracked or split

From this reading Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

chainnounUS /tʃeɪn/

a series of things depending on each other as if linked together

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

chainsnounUS /tʃeɪnz/

metal shackles; for hands or legs

From this reading Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.

claspedverbUS /klæspt/

past form of “clasp” — hold firmly and tightly

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

coarseadjectiveUS /kɔːrs/

of textures that are rough to the touch or substances consisting of relatively large particles

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

coveredadjectiveUS /ˈkʌvərd/

overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

derisivelyadverbUS /dərˈɪsɪvli/

in a disrespectful and mocking manner

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

encircledadjectiveUS /ɪnˈsɜːrkəld/

confined on all sides

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

facenounUS /feɪs/

the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

feetnounUS /fiːt/

plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

giganticadjectiveUS /dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/

so exceedingly large or extensive as to suggest a giant or mammoth

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

gravenounUS /ɡreɪv/

death of a person

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.

hairnounUS /her/

a covering for the body (or parts of it) consisting of a dense growth of threadlike structures (as on the human head); helps to prevent heat loss

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

handsnounUS /hændz/

(with “in”) guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

HeavyadjectiveUS /ˈhevi/

of comparatively great physical weight or density

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.

hollowadjectiveUS /ˈhɑːloʊ/

not solid; having a space or gap or cavity

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

hungverbUS /hʌŋ/

inflected form of “hang” — be suspended or hanging

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

ironnounUS /ˈaɪərn/

a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the blood

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

livedverbUS /lɪvd/

past form of “live” — be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.

lonelinessnounUS /ˈloʊnlinəs/

the state of being alone in solitary isolation

From this reading Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

neitherdeterminerUS /ˈniːðər/

not one and not the other of two

From this reading Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.

pacedverbUS /peɪst/

past form of “pace” — walk with slow or fast paces

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

restlessadjectiveUS /ˈrestləs/

worried and uneasy

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

shortadjectiveUS /ʃɔːrt/

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

shrunkverbUS /ʃrʌŋk/

inflected form of “shrink” — wither, as with a loss of moisture

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

skeletonnounUS /ˈskelətən/

something reduced to its minimal form

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

smiledverbUS /smaɪld/

past form of “smile” — change one's facial expression by spreading the lips, often to signal pleasure

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

spacenounUS /speɪs/

the unlimited expanse in which everything is located

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

spiritnounUS /ˈspɪrət/

the vital principle or animating force within living things

From this reading Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.

stepsnounUS /steps/

a flight of stairs or a flight of steps

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.

stonenounUS /stoʊn/

a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

strengthnounUS /streŋkθ/

the property of being physically or mentally strong

From this reading Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.

talladjectiveUS /tɔːl/

great in vertical dimension; high in stature

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

thickadjectiveUS /θɪk/

not thin; of a specific thickness or of relatively great extent from one surface to the opposite usually in the smallest of the three solid dimensions

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

throatnounUS /θroʊt/

The passage at the back of the mouth.

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

Trenck

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.

veilnounUS /veɪl/

a garment that covers the head and face

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

waistnounUS /weɪst/

the narrowing of the body between the ribs and hips

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

wallnounUS /wɔːl/

an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Heavy chains clasped his feet and his throat, a broad iron band encircled his waist, which was attached to the wall by a short chain--a thick bar held his hands apart; but still he lived.

whitenedadjective

(of hair) having lost its color

From this reading His tall, gigantic form had shrunk to a skeleton; his hair had whitened and hung around his hollow face like an ashen veil.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading For years he had paced, with short, restless steps, this little space that covered his grave; but he smiled derisively at the coarse stone which bore his name.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Trenck still lived; neither chains nor years of loneliness had broken his strength or bowed his spirit.

Chapter 31 of Frederick the Great and His Family by L. (Luise) Mühlbach holds 276 sentences, grouped into 56 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of Frederick the Great and His Family contain?

Chapter 31 holds 276 sentences of Frederick the Great and His Family, unabridged, divided into 56 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of Frederick the Great and His Family by L. (Luise) Mühlbach exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 276 sentences, grouped into 56 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of Frederick the Great and His Family?

Work through the 56 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 56 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Frederick the Great and His Family

Common questions about reading Frederick the Great and His Family by L. (Luise) Mühlbach on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 13908 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #3537 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #3537, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 600 minutes of reading across 2782 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Frederick the Great and His Family

Words and structures a reader meets early in Frederick the Great and His Family, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Prince
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Frederick the Great and His Family; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Henry
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Frederick the Great and His Family; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Quiet
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Frederick the Great and His Family; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Motionless
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Frederick the Great and His Family; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.