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French and English
French and English

Chapter V · Chapter 5

Chapter 5 of French and English is here in full — 235 sentences across 47 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for French and English
Context Illustration Reading 1/47 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.
Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.
They had spent a week in the quaint Dutch town of Albany, and there they had heard many things with regard to the state of parties and the affairs between the two nations.
England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.
But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

French and English

Chapter V · Chapter 5

Chapter 5 of French and English is here in full — 235 sentences across 47 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/47 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.
/ðeɪ met fɔːr ðə fɜːrst taɪm feɪs tuː feɪs əˈmɪd ə wɜːrld ʌv aɪs ənd snoʊ əˈpɑːn ðə ˈfroʊzən ˈsɜːrfəs ʌv leɪk dʒɔːrdʒ/
Line 2
Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.
Line 3
They had spent a week in the quaint Dutch town of Albany, and there they had heard many things with regard to the state of parties and the affairs between the two nations.
/ðeɪ hæd spent ə wiːk ɪn ðə kweɪnt dʌtʃ taʊn ʌv ˈɔːlbəni ənd ðer ðeɪ hæd hɜːrd ˈmeni θɪŋz wɪð rɪˈɡɑːrd tuː ðə steɪt ʌv ˈpɑːrtiz ənd ðə əˈferz bɪˈtwiːn ðə tuː ˈneɪʃənz/
Line 4
England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.
Line 5
But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.
/bʌt ɪt wɑːz ˈevədənt tuː ɔːl ðæt wɔːr mʌst biː ˈʃɔːrtli dɪˈklerd bɪˈtwiːn ðə ˈkʌntriz ɪf ɪt hæd nɑːt ɔːlˈredi bɪn proʊˈkleɪmd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

afresh adverb US /əˈfreʃ/

again but in a new or different way

From this reading “Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.”

Albany noun US /ˈɔːlbəni/

state capital of New York; located in eastern New York State on the west bank of the Hudson river

From this reading “They had spent a week in the quaint Dutch town of Albany, and there they had heard many things with regard to the state of parties and the affairs between the two nations.”

clearer adjective US /ˈklɪrər/

comparative of “clear” — readily apparent to the mind

From this reading “Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.”

commencing verb US /kəˈmensɪŋ/

-ing form of “commence” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading “Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.”

encamped verb US /ɪnˈkæmpt/

past form of “encamp” — live in or as if in a tent

From this reading “Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.”

murderous adjective US /ˈmɜːrdərəs/

characteristic of or capable of or having a tendency toward killing another human being

From this reading “England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.”

nominally adverb US /ˈnɑːmənəli/

in name only

From this reading “England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.”

Stark adjective US /stɑːrk/

devoid of any qualifications or disguise or adornment

From this reading “Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.”

All words in this reading · 107

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

adventuresnounUS /ædˈventʃərz/

plural of “adventure” — a wild and exciting undertaking (not necessarily lawful)

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

affairsnounUS /əˈferz/

matters of personal concern

From this reading They had spent a week in the quaint Dutch town of Albany, and there they had heard many things with regard to the state of parties and the affairs between the two nations.

afreshadverbUS /əˈfreʃ/

again but in a new or different way

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

AlbanynounUS /ˈɔːlbəni/

state capital of New York; located in eastern New York State on the west bank of the Hudson river

From this reading They had spent a week in the quaint Dutch town of Albany, and there they had heard many things with regard to the state of parties and the affairs between the two nations.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.

amidprepositionUS /əˈmɪd/

in the middle of; surrounded by

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

arrivalnounUS /ərˈaɪvəl/

accomplishment of an objective

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.

awaitingverbUS /əˈweɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “await” — look forward to the probable occurrence of

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

bandnounUS /bænd/

an unofficial association of people or groups

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.

campaignnounUS /kæmˈpeɪn/

a race between candidates for elective office

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

cleareradjectiveUS /ˈklɪrər/

comparative of “clear” — readily apparent to the mind

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

commencingverbUS /kəˈmensɪŋ/

-ing form of “commence” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

countriesnounUS /ˈkʌntriz/

plural of “country” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.

coursenounUS /kɔːrs/

education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

declaredadjectiveUS /dɪˈklerd/

made known or openly avowed

From this reading But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.

DutchadjectiveUS /dʌtʃ/

of or relating to the Netherlands or its people or culture

From this reading They had spent a week in the quaint Dutch town of Albany, and there they had heard many things with regard to the state of parties and the affairs between the two nations.

encampedverbUS /ɪnˈkæmpt/

past form of “encamp” — live in or as if in a tent

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.

evidentadjectiveUS /ˈevədənt/

clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment

From this reading But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.

experiencesnounUS /ɪkˈspɪriənsɪz/

plural of “experience” — the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

facenounUS /feɪs/

the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

FrancenounUS /fræns/

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

frozenadjectiveUS /ˈfroʊzən/

turned into ice; affected by freezing or by long and severe cold

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

GeorgenounUS /dʒɔːrdʒ/

Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slew a dragon and saved a princess (?-303)

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

goingnounUS /ˈɡoʊɪŋ/

the act of departing

From this reading England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

heardadjectiveUS /hɜːrd/

detected or perceived by the sense of hearing

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

hithertoadverbUS /ˈhɪðɜːrˈtuː/

used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

icenounUS /aɪs/

water frozen in the solid state

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading They had spent a week in the quaint Dutch town of Albany, and there they had heard many things with regard to the state of parties and the affairs between the two nations.

intrenched

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.

LakenounUS /leɪk/

a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

lyingnounUS /ˈlaɪɪŋ/

the deliberate act of deviating from the truth

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

metverbUS /met/

inflected form of “meet” — come together

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

murderousadjectiveUS /ˈmɜːrdərəs/

characteristic of or capable of or having a tendency toward killing another human being

From this reading England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.

nationsnounUS /ˈneɪʃənz/

plural of “nation” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

nominallyadverbUS /ˈnɑːmənəli/

in name only

From this reading England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.

notionnounUS /ˈnoʊʃən/

a vague idea in which some confidence is placed

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.

onslaughts

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.

partiesnounUS /ˈpɑːrtiz/

plural of “party” — an organization to gain political power

From this reading They had spent a week in the quaint Dutch town of Albany, and there they had heard many things with regard to the state of parties and the affairs between the two nations.

peacenounUS /piːs/

the state prevailing during the absence of war

From this reading England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.

proclaimedadjectiveUS /proʊˈkleɪmd/

declared publicly; made widely known

From this reading But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.

pursuednounUS /pərˈsuːd/

a person who is being chased

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

quaintadjectiveUS /kweɪnt/

strange in an interesting or pleasing way

From this reading They had spent a week in the quaint Dutch town of Albany, and there they had heard many things with regard to the state of parties and the affairs between the two nations.

regardnounUS /rɪˈɡɑːrd/

(usually preceded by “in”) a detail or point

From this reading They had spent a week in the quaint Dutch town of Albany, and there they had heard many things with regard to the state of parties and the affairs between the two nations.

shortlyadverbUS /ˈʃɔːrtli/

for a short time

From this reading But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.

situationnounUS /ˌsɪtʃuːˈeɪʃən/

the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

snownounUS /snoʊ/

precipitation falling from clouds in the form of ice crystals

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

spentadjectiveUS /spent/

depleted of energy, force, or strength

From this reading They had spent a week in the quaint Dutch town of Albany, and there they had heard many things with regard to the state of parties and the affairs between the two nations.

spotnounUS /spɑːt/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

springnounUS /sprɪŋ/

the season of growth

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

StarkadjectiveUS /stɑːrk/

devoid of any qualifications or disguise or adornment

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

statenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading They had spent a week in the quaint Dutch town of Albany, and there they had heard many things with regard to the state of parties and the affairs between the two nations.

strangeadjectiveUS /streɪndʒ/

being definitely out of the ordinary and unexpected; slightly odd or even a bit weird

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading They had spent a week in the quaint Dutch town of Albany, and there they had heard many things with regard to the state of parties and the affairs between the two nations.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading They had spent a week in the quaint Dutch town of Albany, and there they had heard many things with regard to the state of parties and the affairs between the two nations.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

towardsprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

townnounUS /taʊn/

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading They had spent a week in the quaint Dutch town of Albany, and there they had heard many things with regard to the state of parties and the affairs between the two nations.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But it was evident to all that war must be shortly declared between the countries, if it had not already been proclaimed.

weeknounUS /wiːk/

any period of seven consecutive days

From this reading They had spent a week in the quaint Dutch town of Albany, and there they had heard many things with regard to the state of parties and the affairs between the two nations.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

westnounUS /west/

the countries of (originally) Europe and (now including) North America and South America

From this reading England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

whilstconjunctionUS /waɪlst/

an old and formal word for “while”

From this reading England and France were nominally at peace, or had been, even whilst these murderous onslaughts had been going on in the west.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Stark and his little band had been through strange experiences, and had met with many adventures as they pursued their course towards the spot where they heard that the French and English were lying encamped and intrenched, awaiting the arrival of spring before commencing the campaign afresh; and they now began to have a clearer notion of the situation between the two nations than they had hitherto had.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading They met for the first time, face to face, amid a world of ice and snow, upon the frozen surface of Lake George.

Chapter 5 of French and English by Evelyn Everett-Green holds 235 sentences, grouped into 47 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 5 of French and English contain?

Chapter 5 holds 235 sentences of French and English, unabridged, divided into 47 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 5 of French and English by Evelyn Everett-Green exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 235 sentences, grouped into 47 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 5 of French and English?

Work through the 47 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 47 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 5 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 5 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading French and English

Common questions about reading French and English by Evelyn Everett-Green on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of French and English?

Yes. All 6277 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #15958 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of French and English is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #15958, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does French and English take to read?

About 523 minutes of reading across 1256 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read French and English section by section

How to work through French and English section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 27 chapters of French and English to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in French and English

Words and structures a reader meets early in French and English, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Surprised
A word that appears in the opening chapter of French and English; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Terrible
A word that appears in the opening chapter of French and English; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Night
A word that appears in the opening chapter of French and English; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Charles
A word that appears in the opening chapter of French and English; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.