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From John O'Groats to Land's End
From John O'Groats to Land's End

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of From John O'Groats to Land's End is here in full — 397 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for From John O'Groats to Land's End
Context Illustration Reading 1/79 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Inverness, the "Capital of the Highlands," has a long and eventful history.
St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.
The town was made a Royal Burgh by David I, King of Scotland.
The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."
In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

From John O'Groats to Land's End

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of From John O'Groats to Land's End is here in full — 397 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/79 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Inverness, the "Capital of the Highlands," has a long and eventful history.
Line 2
St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.
Line 3
The town was made a Royal Burgh by David I, King of Scotland.
Line 4
The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."
/ðə lɔːrdz ʌv ðə aɪlz ˈɔːlsoʊ əˈpɪr tuː hæv bɪn kraʊnd hiːr fɔːr ðer ˌkɔːrəˈneɪʃən stoʊn ɪz stɪl ɪn eɡˈzɪstəns ənd hæz bɪn ˈɡɪvən ə neɪm wɪtʃ ɪn ˈɡeɪlɪk ˈsɪɡnəfaɪz ðə stoʊn ʌv ðə tʌbz/
Line 5
In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Columba noun US /ˌkoʊˈlʌmbə/

a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Puppis and Caelum

From this reading “St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.”

coronation noun US /ˌkɔːrəˈneɪʃən/

the ceremony of installing a new monarch

From this reading “The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."”

eventful adjective US /ɪˈventfəl/

full of events or incidents

From this reading “Inverness, the "Capital of the Highlands," has a long and eventful history.”

Gaelic adjective US /ˈɡeɪlɪk/

relating to or characteristic of the Celts

From this reading “The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."”

Highlands noun US /ˈhaɪləndz/

a mountainous region of northern Scotland famous for its rugged beauty; known for the style of dress (the kilt and tartan) and the clan system (now in disuse)

From this reading “Inverness, the "Capital of the Highlands," has a long and eventful history.”

loch noun US /lɑːk/

a long narrow inlet of the sea in Scotland (especially when it is nearly landlocked)

From this reading “In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.”

signifies verb US /ˈsɪɡnəfaɪz/

third-person singular of “signify” — denote or connote

From this reading “The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."”

tubs noun US /tʌbz/

plural of “tub” — a relatively large open container that you fill with water and use to wash the body

From this reading “The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."”

All words in this reading · 99

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1039

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

565

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Inverness, the "Capital of the Highlands," has a long and eventful history.

accordingadjectiveUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋ/

(followed by “to”) in agreement with or accordant with

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Inverness, the "Capital of the Highlands," has a long and eventful history.

appearverbUS /əˈpɪr/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

Burghnoun

a borough in Scotland

From this reading The town was made a Royal Burgh by David I, King of Scotland.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

CapitalnounUS /ˈkæpətəl/

assets available for use in the production of further assets

From this reading Inverness, the "Capital of the Highlands," has a long and eventful history.

carryingverbUS /ˈkæriɪŋ/

-ing form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

castlenounUS /ˈkæsəl/

a large and stately mansion

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

certainlyadverbUS /ˈsɜːrtənli/

definitely or positively (“sure” is sometimes used informally for “surely”)

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

ColumbanounUS /ˌkoʊˈlʌmbə/

a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Puppis and Caelum

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

convenientadjectiveUS /kənˈviːnjənt/

suited to your comfort or purpose or needs

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

coronationnounUS /ˌkɔːrəˈneɪʃən/

the ceremony of installing a new monarch

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

crownedadjectiveUS /kraʊnd/

having an (artificial) crown on a tooth

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

DavidnounUS /ˈdeɪvɪd/

patron saint of Wales (circa 520-600)

From this reading The town was made a Royal Burgh by David I, King of Scotland.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

doubtnounUS /daʊt/

the state of being unsure of something

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

DuncannounUS /ˈdʌŋkən/

United States dancer and pioneer of modern dance (1878-1927)

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

eighthadjectiveUS /eɪtθ/

coming next after the seventh and just before the ninth in position

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

eventfuladjectiveUS /ɪˈventfəl/

full of events or incidents

From this reading Inverness, the "Capital of the Highlands," has a long and eventful history.

existencenounUS /eɡˈzɪstəns/

the state or fact of existing

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

formeradjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmər/

referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several)

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

fortifiedadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrtəfaɪd/

secured with bastions or fortifications

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

GaelicadjectiveUS /ˈɡeɪlɪk/

relating to or characteristic of the Celts

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Inverness, the "Capital of the Highlands," has a long and eventful history.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

HighlandsnounUS /ˈhaɪləndz/

a mountainous region of northern Scotland famous for its rugged beauty; known for the style of dress (the kilt and tartan) and the clan system (now in disuse)

From this reading Inverness, the "Capital of the Highlands," has a long and eventful history.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading Inverness, the "Capital of the Highlands," has a long and eventful history.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading The town was made a Royal Burgh by David I, King of Scotland.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

Inverness

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Inverness, the "Capital of the Highlands," has a long and eventful history.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

IslesnounUS /aɪlz/

plural of “isle” — a small island

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

lingeredverbUS /ˈlɪŋɡərd/

past form of “linger” — remain present although waning or gradually dying

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

lochnounUS /lɑːk/

a long narrow inlet of the sea in Scotland (especially when it is nearly landlocked)

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading Inverness, the "Capital of the Highlands," has a long and eventful history.

LordsnounUS /lɔːrdz/

plural of “lord” — terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

MacbethnounUS /məkˈbeθ/

king of Scotland (died in 1057)

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading The town was made a Royal Burgh by David I, King of Scotland.

maidensnounUS /ˈmeɪdənz/

plural of “maiden” — an unmarried girl (especially a virgin)

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

murderverbUS /ˈmɜːrdər/

kill intentionally and with premeditation

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

obtainedverbUS /əbˈteɪnd/

past form of “obtain” — come into possession of

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Inverness, the "Capital of the Highlands," has a long and eventful history.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

passverbUS /pæs/

go across or through

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

restverbUS /rest/

not move; be in a resting position

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

rivernounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

RoyaladjectiveUS /ˈrɔɪəl/

of or relating to or indicative of or issued or performed by a king or queen or other monarch

From this reading The town was made a Royal Burgh by David I, King of Scotland.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

scenenounUS /siːn/

the place where some action occurs

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

ScotlandnounUS /ˈskɑːtlənd/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; located on the northern part of the island of Great Britain; famous for bagpipes and plaids and kilts

From this reading The town was made a Royal Burgh by David I, King of Scotland.

ShakespearenounUS /ˈʃeɪkspiːr/

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

signifiesverbUS /ˈsɪɡnəfaɪz/

third-person singular of “signify” — denote or connote

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

sitenounUS /saɪt/

the piece of land on which something is located (or is to be located)

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

standsnounUS /stændz/

plural of “stand” — a support or foundation

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

stonenounUS /stoʊn/

a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

supplyverbUS /səˈplaɪ/

give something useful or necessary to

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Inverness, the "Capital of the Highlands," has a long and eventful history.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

townnounUS /taʊn/

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading The town was made a Royal Burgh by David I, King of Scotland.

trysting-place

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

TubsnounUS /tʌbz/

plural of “tub” — a relatively large open container that you fill with water and use to wash the body

From this reading The Lords of the Isles also appear to have been crowned here, for their coronation stone is still in existence, and has been given a name which in Gaelic signifies the "Stone of the Tubs."

visitedverbUS /ˈvɪzɪtɪd/

past form of “visit” — go to see a place, as for entertainment

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading St. Columba is said to have visited it as early as the year 565, and on a site fortified certainly in the eighth century stands the castle, which was, in 1039, according to Shakespeare, the scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading In former times the water supply of the town had to be obtained from the loch or the river, and the young men and maidens carrying it in tubs passed this stone on their way--or rather did not pass, for they lingered a while to rest, the stone no doubt being a convenient trysting-place.

Chapter 4 of From John O'Groats to Land's End by John Anderton Naylor holds 397 sentences, grouped into 80 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of From John O'Groats to Land's End contain?

Chapter 4 holds 397 sentences of From John O'Groats to Land's End, unabridged, divided into 80 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of From John O'Groats to Land's End by John Anderton Naylor exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 397 sentences, grouped into 80 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of From John O'Groats to Land's End?

Work through the 80 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 80 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Common questions about reading From John O'Groats to Land's End by John Anderton Naylor on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 8364 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #14415 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #14415, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 600 minutes of reading across 1673 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in From John O'Groats to Land's End

Words and structures a reader meets early in From John O'Groats to Land's End, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

House
A word that appears in the opening chapter of From John O'Groats to Land's End; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Surrey
A word that appears in the opening chapter of From John O'Groats to Land's End; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Street
A word that appears in the opening chapter of From John O'Groats to Land's End; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Steals
A word that appears in the opening chapter of From John O'Groats to Land's End; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.