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From Monkey to Man
From Monkey to Man

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of From Monkey to Man is here in full — 30 sentences across 6 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/6 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.
After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.
Taking their position on trees, which was done for safety, the problem was how to reach the enemy.
They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.
They next carried stones up the trees for missiles, which they dropped with some effect.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

From Monkey to Man

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of From Monkey to Man is here in full — 30 sentences across 6 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/6 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.
/ɪn ðə kɔːrs ʌv ðə ˈkɑːntest wɪð ðə ˈtaɪɡərz wɪtʃ ˈlæstəd ˈsevrəl jɪrz ˈmeni ˌɪmˈpruːvmənts wɜːr meɪd ɪn ðə ɑːrt ʌv ˈwɔːrfer wɪtʃ ˈæftərwərdz sɜːrvd ðə eɪps ɪn taɪm ʌv piːs/
Line 2
After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.
Line 3
Taking their position on trees, which was done for safety, the problem was how to reach the enemy.
Line 4
They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.
/ðeɪ ˈkɑːmənli ˈʃaʊərd ˈkoʊkoʊnʌts ənd ˈʌðər lɑːrdʒ fruːts əˈpɑːn ðem wɪtʃ waɪl əˈnɔɪɪŋ tuː smɔːl ˈænəməlz hæd ˈlɪtəl ɪˈfekt ɑːn ˈtaɪɡərz/
Line 5
They next carried stones up the trees for missiles, which they dropped with some effect.
/ðeɪ nekst ˈkærid stoʊnz ʌp ðə triːz fɔːr ˈmɪsəlz wɪtʃ ðeɪ drɑːpt wɪð sʌm ɪˈfekt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

advisable adjective US /ədˈvaɪzəbəl/

worthy of being recommended or suggested; prudent or wise

From this reading “After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.”

annoying adjective US /əˈnɔɪɪŋ/

causing irritation or annoyance

From this reading “They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.”

Apes noun US /eɪps/

plural of “ape” — any of various primates with short tails or no tail at all

From this reading “In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.”

cocoanuts noun US /ˈkoʊkoʊnʌts/

plural of “cocoanut” — large hard-shelled oval nut with a fibrous husk containing thick white meat surrounding a central cavity filled (when fresh) with fluid or milk

From this reading “They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.”

missiles noun US /ˈmɪsəlz/

plural of “missile” — a rocket carrying a warhead of conventional or nuclear explosives; may be ballistic or directed by remote control

From this reading “They next carried stones up the trees for missiles, which they dropped with some effect.”

showered verb US /ˈʃaʊərd/

past form of “shower” — expend profusely; also used with abstract nouns

From this reading “They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.”

tigers noun US /ˈtaɪɡərz/

a terrorist organization in Sri Lanka that began in 1970 as a student protest over the limited university access for Tamil students

From this reading “In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.”

unarmed adjective US /əˈnɑːrmd/

(used of persons or the military) not having or using arms

From this reading “After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

savage beasts adjective + noun counted as “savage beast”

In this reading “After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.”

several years adjective + noun

In this reading “In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.”

at a distance preposition + article + noun counted as “at … distance”

In this reading “After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.”

for safety preposition + noun

In this reading “Taking their position on trees, which was done for safety, the problem was how to reach the enemy.”

All words in this reading · 76

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

advisableadjectiveUS /ədˈvaɪzəbəl/

worthy of being recommended or suggested; prudent or wise

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

AfterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

afterwardsadverbUS /ˈæftərwərdz/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

animalsnounUS /ˈænəməlz/

plural of “animal” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.

annoyingadjectiveUS /əˈnɔɪɪŋ/

causing irritation or annoyance

From this reading They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.

ApesnounUS /eɪps/

plural of “ape” — any of various primates with short tails or no tail at all

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

artauxiliary verbUS /ɑːrt/

an old form of “are”, used with “thou”

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

attackedverbUS /əˈtækt/

past form of “attack” — launch an attack or assault on; begin hostilities or start warfare with

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

beastsnounUS /biːsts/

plural of “beast” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

carriedverbUS /ˈkærid/

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading They next carried stones up the trees for missiles, which they dropped with some effect.

cocoanutsnounUS /ˈkoʊkoʊnʌts/

plural of “cocoanut” — large hard-shelled oval nut with a fibrous husk containing thick white meat surrounding a central cavity filled (when fresh) with fluid or milk

From this reading They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.

commonlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːmənli/

under normal conditions

From this reading They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.

contestnounUS /ˈkɑːntest/

an occasion on which a winner is selected from among two or more contestants

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

coursenounUS /kɔːrs/

education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

distancenounUS /ˈdɪstəns/

the property created by the space between two objects or points

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

doneadjectiveUS /dʌn/

having finished or arrived at completion

From this reading Taking their position on trees, which was done for safety, the problem was how to reach the enemy.

droppedverbUS /drɑːpt/

inflected form of “drop” — let fall to the ground

From this reading They next carried stones up the trees for missiles, which they dropped with some effect.

effectnounUS /ɪˈfekt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.

enemynounUS /ˈenəmi/

an opposing military force

From this reading Taking their position on trees, which was done for safety, the problem was how to reach the enemy.

experienceverbUS /ɪkˈspɪriəns/

undergo or live through a difficult experience

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

fightverbUS /faɪt/

be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Taking their position on trees, which was done for safety, the problem was how to reach the enemy.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

fruitsnounUS /fruːts/

plural of “fruit” — the ripened reproductive body of a seed plant

From this reading They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Taking their position on trees, which was done for safety, the problem was how to reach the enemy.

improvementsnounUS /ˌɪmˈpruːvmənts/

plural of “improvement” — a change for the better; progress in development

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.

lastedverbUS /ˈlæstəd/

past form of “last” — persist for a specified period of time

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

missilesnounUS /ˈmɪsəlz/

plural of “missile” — a rocket carrying a warhead of conventional or nuclear explosives; may be ballistic or directed by remote control

From this reading They next carried stones up the trees for missiles, which they dropped with some effect.

nextadjectiveUS /nekst/

immediately following in time or order

From this reading They next carried stones up the trees for missiles, which they dropped with some effect.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Taking their position on trees, which was done for safety, the problem was how to reach the enemy.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

peacenounUS /piːs/

the state prevailing during the absence of war

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

positionnounUS /pəˈzɪʃən/

the particular portion of space occupied by something

From this reading Taking their position on trees, which was done for safety, the problem was how to reach the enemy.

problemnounUS /ˈprɑːbləm/

a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved

From this reading Taking their position on trees, which was done for safety, the problem was how to reach the enemy.

reachverbUS /riːtʃ/

reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading Taking their position on trees, which was done for safety, the problem was how to reach the enemy.

safetynounUS /ˈseɪfti/

the state of being certain that adverse effects will not be caused by some agent under defined conditions

From this reading Taking their position on trees, which was done for safety, the problem was how to reach the enemy.

savageadjectiveUS /ˈsævədʒ/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

servedverbUS /sɜːrvd/

past form of “serve” — serve a purpose, role, or function

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

Shamboo

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

showeredverbUS /ˈʃaʊərd/

past form of “shower” — expend profusely; also used with abstract nouns

From this reading They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading They next carried stones up the trees for missiles, which they dropped with some effect.

stonesnounUS /stoʊnz/

plural of “stone” — a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading They next carried stones up the trees for missiles, which they dropped with some effect.

TakingnounUS /ˈteɪkɪŋ/

the act of someone who picks up or takes something

From this reading Taking their position on trees, which was done for safety, the problem was how to reach the enemy.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Taking their position on trees, which was done for safety, the problem was how to reach the enemy.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

tigersnounUS /ˈtaɪɡərz/

a terrorist organization in Sri Lanka that began in 1970 as a student protest over the limited university access for Tamil students

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

treesnounUS /triːz/

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading Taking their position on trees, which was done for safety, the problem was how to reach the enemy.

unarmedadjectiveUS /əˈnɑːrmd/

(used of persons or the military) not having or using arms

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading They next carried stones up the trees for missiles, which they dropped with some effect.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.

warfarenounUS /ˈwɔːrfer/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Taking their position on trees, which was done for safety, the problem was how to reach the enemy.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading They commonly showered cocoanuts and other large fruits upon them, which, while annoying to small animals, had little effect on tigers.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading After the experience of Shamboo and others, who attacked unarmed the savage beasts, they found it advisable to fight at a distance.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading In the course of the contest with the tigers, which lasted several years, many improvements were made in the art of warfare, which afterwards served the Apes in time of peace.

Chapter 4 of From Monkey to Man by Austin Bierbower holds 30 sentences, grouped into 6 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of From Monkey to Man contain?

Chapter 4 holds 30 sentences of From Monkey to Man, unabridged, divided into 6 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of From Monkey to Man by Austin Bierbower exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 30 sentences, grouped into 6 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of From Monkey to Man?

Work through the 6 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 6 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading From Monkey to Man

Common questions about reading From Monkey to Man by Austin Bierbower on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of From Monkey to Man?

Yes. All 2153 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #63379 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of From Monkey to Man is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #63379, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does From Monkey to Man take to read?

About 179 minutes of reading across 431 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through From Monkey to Man section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in From Monkey to Man

Words and structures a reader meets early in From Monkey to Man, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Monkey
A word that appears in the opening chapter of From Monkey to Man; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Society
A word that appears in the opening chapter of From Monkey to Man; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Tertiary
A word that appears in the opening chapter of From Monkey to Man; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Story
A word that appears in the opening chapter of From Monkey to Man; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.