Chapter XX

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776

From this reading In the western half of North America the southern limit of the musk ox coincides with the northern limit of trees.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Autumn came on, and their hope of getting free was disappointed.

plural of “animal” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

the event of one object coming closer to another

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

the season when the leaves fall from the trees

From this reading Autumn came on, and their hope of getting free was disappointed.

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Autumn came on, and their hope of getting free was disappointed.

third-person singular of “coincide” — go with, fall together

From this reading In the western half of North America the southern limit of the musk ox coincides with the northern limit of trees.

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

disappointingly unsuccessful

From this reading Autumn came on, and their hope of getting free was disappointed.

facing or experiencing financial trouble or difficulty

From this reading A herd of twenty or thirty musk oxen would have saved Franklin's distressed mariners.

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

tiresomely long; seemingly without end

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

decreasing in amount or degree

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

more distant in especially space or time

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

set up or found

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

possessive form of “franklin” — United States historian noted for studies of Black American history (born in 1915)

From this reading A herd of twenty or thirty musk oxen would have saved Franklin's distressed mariners.

grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading Autumn came on, and their hope of getting free was disappointed.

a contest with rules to determine a winner

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

the act of acquiring something

From this reading Autumn came on, and their hope of getting free was disappointed.

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading In the western half of North America the southern limit of the musk ox coincides with the northern limit of trees.

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading A herd of twenty or thirty musk oxen would have saved Franklin's distressed mariners.

a group of cattle or sheep or other domestic mammals all of the same kind that are herded by humans

From this reading A herd of twenty or thirty musk oxen would have saved Franklin's distressed mariners.

a specific instance of feeling hopeful

From this reading Autumn came on, and their hope of getting free was disappointed.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

undertake a journey or trip

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

plural of “lichen” — any of several eruptive skin diseases characterized by hard thick lesions grouped together and resembling lichens growing on rocks

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

the greatest possible degree of something

From this reading In the western half of North America the southern limit of the musk ox coincides with the northern limit of trees.

be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

the main land mass of a country or continent; as distinguished from an island or peninsula

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

plural of “mariner” — a man who serves as a sailor

From this reading A herd of twenty or thirty musk oxen would have saved Franklin's distressed mariners.

inflected form of “mean” — mean or intend to express or convey

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

plural of “moss” — tiny leafy-stemmed flowerless plants

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

to a great degree or extent

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

an odorous glandular secretion from the male musk deer; used as a perfume fixative

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

not any; not one

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading In the western half of North America the southern limit of the musk ox coincides with the northern limit of trees.

in or characteristic of a region of the United States north of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading In the western half of North America the southern limit of the musk ox coincides with the northern limit of trees.

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Autumn came on, and their hope of getting free was disappointed.

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Autumn came on, and their hope of getting free was disappointed.

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading A herd of twenty or thirty musk oxen would have saved Franklin's distressed mariners.

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

an adult castrated bull of the genus Bos; especially Bos taurus

From this reading In the western half of North America the southern limit of the musk ox coincides with the northern limit of trees.

domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

something having the property of being analogous to something else

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

having a pair of equal and opposite charges

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

the possibility of future success

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

Arctic deer with large antlers in both sexes; called “reindeer” in Eurasia and “caribou” in North America

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

rescued; especially from the power and consequences of sin

From this reading A herd of twenty or thirty musk oxen would have saved Franklin's distressed mariners.

woolly usually horned ruminant mammal related to the goat

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

unusual or striking

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

position 60 in a countable series of things

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

in or characteristic of a region of the United States south of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading In the western half of North America the southern limit of the musk ox coincides with the northern limit of trees.

toward the south

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

a state of extreme hunger resulting from lack of essential nutrients over a prolonged period

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Autumn came on, and their hope of getting free was disappointed.

in or at that place or location

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

for that reason; as a result

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three

From this reading A herd of twenty or thirty musk oxen would have saved Franklin's distressed mariners.

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading In the western half of North America the southern limit of the musk ox coincides with the northern limit of trees.

make an effort or attempt

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one

From this reading A herd of twenty or thirty musk oxen would have saved Franklin's distressed mariners.

move about aimlessly or without any destination, often in search of food or employment

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Autumn came on, and their hope of getting free was disappointed.

plural of “waste” — any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

relating to or characteristic of the western parts of the world or the West as opposed to the eastern or oriental parts

From this reading In the western half of North America the southern limit of the musk ox coincides with the northern limit of trees.

at the time that

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading To try and reach the mainland now when winter was approaching was not to be thought of, for in winter no game is to be found in these endless wastes, and a journey southwards meant therefore death by starvation.

in the company of; together with

From this reading In summer, on the other hand, there was a prospect of falling in with reindeer and musk oxen, those singular Polar animals as much like sheep as oxen, which live on lichens and mosses and do not wander farther south than the sixtieth parallel.

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading A herd of twenty or thirty musk oxen would have saved Franklin's distressed mariners.