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George Borrow: The Man and His Books
George Borrow: The Man and His Books

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of George Borrow: The Man and His Books is here in full — 10 sentences across 2 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for George Borrow: The Man and His Books
Context Illustration Reading 1/2 · 5 lines
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The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.
Together they compose a portrait, if not a small gallery of portraits.
Of these the most deliberate is the one that emerges from "Lavengro" and "The Romany Rye."
In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.
As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

George Borrow: The Man and His Books

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of George Borrow: The Man and His Books is here in full — 10 sentences across 2 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/2 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.
Line 2
Together they compose a portrait, if not a small gallery of portraits.
/təˈɡeðər ðeɪ kəmˈpoʊz ə ˈpɔːrtrət ɪf nɑːt ə smɔːl ˈɡæləri ʌv ˈpɔːrtrəts/
Line 3
Of these the most deliberate is the one that emerges from "Lavengro" and "The Romany Rye."
Line 4
In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.
/ɪn ðiːz bʊks ˈrɪtən ˈæftər hiː hæd pæst ˈfɔːrti hiː dɪˈskraɪbd ðə fɜːrst ˈtwentituː jɪrz ʌv hɪz laɪf wɪˈθaʊt soʊ fɑːr æz ɪz noʊn ˈjuːzɪŋ ˈeni ˈnoʊtbʊks ɔːr ˈʌðər kənˈtempəreri ˈdɑːkjəmənts/
Line 5
As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.
/æz aɪ hæv sed bɪˈfɔːr ðə ˈlɪtərəl ˈækjərəsi ʌv sʌtʃ ə dɪˈskrɪpʃən mʌst hæv bɪn ˈlɪmətəd baɪ hɪz ˈpaʊər ənd hɪz ˈwɪlɪŋnəs tuː siː θɪŋz æz ðeɪ wɜːr/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

emerges verb US /ɪˈmɜːrdʒɪz/

third-person singular of “emerge” — come out into view, as from concealment

From this reading “Of these the most deliberate is the one that emerges from "Lavengro" and "The Romany Rye."”

Gypsies noun US /ˈdʒɪpsiz/

plural of “gypsy” — a laborer who moves from place to place as demanded by employment

From this reading “The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.”

literal adjective US /ˈlɪtərəl/

being or reflecting the essential or genuine character of something

From this reading “As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.”

maturity noun US /məˈtʃʊrəti/

the period of time in your life after your physical growth has stopped and you are fully developed

From this reading “The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.”

notebooks noun US /ˈnoʊtbʊks/

plural of “notebook” — a book with blank pages for recording notes or memoranda

From this reading “In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.”

Romany noun US /ˈrɑːməni/

a member of a people with dark skin and hair who speak Romany and who traditionally live by seasonal work and fortunetelling

From this reading “Of these the most deliberate is the one that emerges from "Lavengro" and "The Romany Rye."”

Rye noun US /raɪ/

the seed of the cereal grass

From this reading “Of these the most deliberate is the one that emerges from "Lavengro" and "The Romany Rye."”

willingness noun US /ˈwɪlɪŋnəs/

cheerful compliance

From this reading “As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.”

All words in this reading · 97

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Together they compose a portrait, if not a small gallery of portraits.

accidentnounUS /ˈæksədənt/

an unfortunate mishap; especially one causing damage or injury

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

accuracynounUS /ˈækjərəsi/

the quality of being near to the true value

From this reading As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

booksnounUS /bʊks/

Bound written or printed works.

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

BorrowverbUS /ˈbɑːroʊ/

get temporarily

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

Borrow's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

chiefnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

composeverbUS /kəmˈpoʊz/

form the substance of

From this reading Together they compose a portrait, if not a small gallery of portraits.

contemporaryadjectiveUS /kənˈtempəreri/

characteristic of the present

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

deliberateadjectiveUS /dɪˈlɪbərət/

carefully thought out in advance

From this reading Of these the most deliberate is the one that emerges from "Lavengro" and "The Romany Rye."

describedadjectiveUS /dɪˈskraɪbd/

represented in words especially with sharpness and detail

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

descriptionnounUS /dɪˈskrɪpʃən/

a statement that represents something in words

From this reading As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.

documentsnounUS /ˈdɑːkjəmənts/

plural of “document” — writing that provides information (especially information of an official nature)

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

emergesverbUS /ɪˈmɜːrdʒɪz/

third-person singular of “emerge” — come out into view, as from concealment

From this reading Of these the most deliberate is the one that emerges from "Lavengro" and "The Romany Rye."

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

fiftynounUS /ˈfɪfti/

the cardinal number that is the product of ten and five

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

fivenounUS /faɪv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

fortyadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrti/

being ten more than thirty

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

gallerynounUS /ˈɡæləri/

spectators at a golf or tennis match

From this reading Together they compose a portrait, if not a small gallery of portraits.

GypsiesnounUS /ˈdʒɪpsiz/

plural of “gypsy” — a laborer who moves from place to place as demanded by employment

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Together they compose a portrait, if not a small gallery of portraits.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

inevitableadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈnevətəbəl/

incapable of being avoided or prevented

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Of these the most deliberate is the one that emerges from "Lavengro" and "The Romany Rye."

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

Lavengro

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Of these the most deliberate is the one that emerges from "Lavengro" and "The Romany Rye."

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

limitedadjectiveUS /ˈlɪmətəd/

small in range or scope

From this reading As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.

literaladjectiveUS /ˈlɪtərəl/

being or reflecting the essential or genuine character of something

From this reading As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

maturitynounUS /məˈtʃʊrəti/

the period of time in your life after your physical growth has stopped and you are fully developed

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Of these the most deliberate is the one that emerges from "Lavengro" and "The Romany Rye."

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Together they compose a portrait, if not a small gallery of portraits.

notebooksnounUS /ˈnoʊtbʊks/

plural of “notebook” — a book with blank pages for recording notes or memoranda

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Of these the most deliberate is the one that emerges from "Lavengro" and "The Romany Rye."

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

perhapsadverbUS /pərˈhæps/

by chance

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

portraitnounUS /ˈpɔːrtrət/

a word picture of a person's appearance and character

From this reading Together they compose a portrait, if not a small gallery of portraits.

portraitsnounUS /ˈpɔːrtrəts/

plural of “portrait” — a word picture of a person's appearance and character

From this reading Together they compose a portrait, if not a small gallery of portraits.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.

purposenounUS /ˈpɜːrpəs/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

qualitynounUS /ˈkwɑːləti/

an essential and distinguishing attribute of something or someone

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

revealverbUS /rɪˈviːl/

make visible

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

RomanynounUS /ˈrɑːməni/

a member of a people with dark skin and hair who speak Romany and who traditionally live by seasonal work and fortunetelling

From this reading Of these the most deliberate is the one that emerges from "Lavengro" and "The Romany Rye."

RyenounUS /raɪ/

the seed of the cereal grass

From this reading Of these the most deliberate is the one that emerges from "Lavengro" and "The Romany Rye."

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Together they compose a portrait, if not a small gallery of portraits.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

SpainnounUS /speɪn/

a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

spiritnounUS /ˈspɪrət/

the vital principle or animating force within living things

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Of these the most deliberate is the one that emerges from "Lavengro" and "The Romany Rye."

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.

thirtynounUS /ˈθɜːrdiː/

the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

TogetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading Together they compose a portrait, if not a small gallery of portraits.

turnedadjectiveUS /tɜːrnd/

moved around an axis or center

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

twenty-twonounUS /ˈtwentituː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-one and one

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

usingnounUS /ˈjuːzɪŋ/

an act that exploits or victimizes someone (treats them unfairly)

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

WalesnounUS /weɪlz/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; during Roman times the region was known as Cambria

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

WildadjectiveUS /waɪld/

marked by extreme lack of restraint or control

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

willingnessnounUS /ˈwɪlɪŋnəs/

cheerful compliance

From this reading As I have said before, the literal accuracy of such a description must have been limited by his power and his willingness to see things as they were.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

worksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

writtenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtən/

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading In these books, written after he had passed forty, he described the first twenty-two years of his life, without, so far as is known, using any notebooks or other contemporary documents.

Zincali

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The five works of Borrow's maturity--from "The Zincali: or the Gypsies of Spain," written when he had turned thirty, to "Wild Wales," written when he had turned fifty--have this in common, and perhaps for their chief quality, that of set purpose and by inevitable accident they reveal Borrow, the body and the spirit of the man.

Chapter 8 of George Borrow: The Man and His Books by Edward Thomas holds 10 sentences, grouped into 2 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of George Borrow: The Man and His Books contain?

Chapter 8 holds 10 sentences of George Borrow: The Man and His Books, unabridged, divided into 2 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of George Borrow: The Man and His Books by Edward Thomas exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 10 sentences, grouped into 2 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of George Borrow: The Man and His Books?

Work through the 2 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 2 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in George Borrow: The Man and His Books

Words and structures a reader meets early in George Borrow: The Man and His Books, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of George Borrow: The Man and His Books, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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