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George Borrow: The Man and His Books
George Borrow: The Man and His Books

Chapter XXI · Chapter 21

Chapter 21 of George Borrow: The Man and His Books is here in full — 217 sentences across 44 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/43 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.
It used to be supposed that "The Bible in Spain" was made up almost entirely from these letters.
But this has now been disproved by the newly published "Letters of George Borrow to the Bible Society."
{163a} These letters are about half the length of "The Bible in Spain," and yet only about a third part of them was used by Borrow in writing that book.
Some of his letters were never received by the Society and had probably been lost on the way.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

George Borrow: The Man and His Books

Chapter XXI · Chapter 21

Chapter 21 of George Borrow: The Man and His Books is here in full — 217 sentences across 44 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/43 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.
Line 2
It used to be supposed that "The Bible in Spain" was made up almost entirely from these letters.
/ɪt juːzd tuː biː səˈpoʊzd ðæt ðə ˈbaɪbəl ɪn speɪn wɑːz meɪd ʌp ˈɔːlmoʊst ɪnˈtaɪərli frʌm ðiːz ˈletərz/
Line 3
But this has now been disproved by the newly published "Letters of George Borrow to the Bible Society."
/bʌt ðɪs hæz naʊ bɪn dɪˈspruːvd baɪ ðə ˈnuːli ˈpʌblɪʃt ˈletərz ʌv dʒɔːrdʒ ˈbɑːroʊ tuː ðə ˈbaɪbəl səˈsaɪəti/
Line 4
{163a} These letters are about half the length of "The Bible in Spain," and yet only about a third part of them was used by Borrow in writing that book.
Line 5
Some of his letters were never received by the Society and had probably been lost on the way.
/sʌm ʌv hɪz ˈletərz wɜːr ˈnevər rəˈsiːvd baɪ ðə səˈsaɪəti ənd hæd ˈprɑːbəbliː bɪn lɔːst ɑːn ðə weɪ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Bible noun US /ˈbaɪbəl/

the sacred writings of the Christian religions

From this reading “In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.”

Borrow verb US /ˈbɑːroʊ/

get temporarily

From this reading “In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.”

disproved verb US /dɪˈspruːvd/

past form of “disprove” — prove to be false

From this reading “But this has now been disproved by the newly published "Letters of George Borrow to the Bible Society."”

newly adverb US /ˈnuːli/

very recently

From this reading “But this has now been disproved by the newly published "Letters of George Borrow to the Bible Society."”

published adjective US /ˈpʌblɪʃt/

prepared and printed for distribution and sale

From this reading “But this has now been disproved by the newly published "Letters of George Borrow to the Bible Society."”

Spain noun US /speɪn/

a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power

From this reading “It used to be supposed that "The Bible in Spain" was made up almost entirely from these letters.”

Spanish noun US /ˈspænɪʃ/

the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain

From this reading “In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.”

supplied verb US /səˈplaɪd/

inflected form of “supply” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading “In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.”

All words in this reading · 65

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

163

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading {163a} These letters are about half the length of "The Bible in Spain," and yet only about a third part of them was used by Borrow in writing that book.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading {163a} These letters are about half the length of "The Bible in Spain," and yet only about a third part of them was used by Borrow in writing that book.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading {163a} These letters are about half the length of "The Bible in Spain," and yet only about a third part of them was used by Borrow in writing that book.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading It used to be supposed that "The Bible in Spain" was made up almost entirely from these letters.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading {163a} These letters are about half the length of "The Bible in Spain," and yet only about a third part of them was used by Borrow in writing that book.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading It used to be supposed that "The Bible in Spain" was made up almost entirely from these letters.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading But this has now been disproved by the newly published "Letters of George Borrow to the Bible Society."

BiblenounUS /ˈbaɪbəl/

the sacred writings of the Christian religions

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

booknounUS /bʊk/

a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)

From this reading {163a} These letters are about half the length of "The Bible in Spain," and yet only about a third part of them was used by Borrow in writing that book.

BorrowverbUS /ˈbɑːroʊ/

get temporarily

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But this has now been disproved by the newly published "Letters of George Borrow to the Bible Society."

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

disprovedverbUS /dɪˈspruːvd/

past form of “disprove” — prove to be false

From this reading But this has now been disproved by the newly published "Letters of George Borrow to the Bible Society."

entirelyadverbUS /ɪnˈtaɪərli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading It used to be supposed that "The Bible in Spain" was made up almost entirely from these letters.

friendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading It used to be supposed that "The Bible in Spain" was made up almost entirely from these letters.

GeorgenounUS /dʒɔːrdʒ/

Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slew a dragon and saved a princess (?-303)

From this reading But this has now been disproved by the newly published "Letters of George Borrow to the Bible Society."

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Some of his letters were never received by the Society and had probably been lost on the way.

halfadjectiveUS /hæf/

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading {163a} These letters are about half the length of "The Bible in Spain," and yet only about a third part of them was used by Borrow in writing that book.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But this has now been disproved by the newly published "Letters of George Borrow to the Bible Society."

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It used to be supposed that "The Bible in Spain" was made up almost entirely from these letters.

lengthnounUS /leŋkθ/

the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place

From this reading {163a} These letters are about half the length of "The Bible in Spain," and yet only about a third part of them was used by Borrow in writing that book.

lettersnounUS /ˈletərz/

the literary culture

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading Some of his letters were never received by the Society and had probably been lost on the way.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading It used to be supposed that "The Bible in Spain" was made up almost entirely from these letters.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Some of his letters were never received by the Society and had probably been lost on the way.

newlyadverbUS /ˈnuːli/

very recently

From this reading But this has now been disproved by the newly published "Letters of George Borrow to the Bible Society."

notesnounUS /noʊts/

plural of “note” — a brief written record

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading But this has now been disproved by the newly published "Letters of George Borrow to the Bible Society."

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Some of his letters were never received by the Society and had probably been lost on the way.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading {163a} These letters are about half the length of "The Bible in Spain," and yet only about a third part of them was used by Borrow in writing that book.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading {163a} These letters are about half the length of "The Bible in Spain," and yet only about a third part of them was used by Borrow in writing that book.

partsnounUS /pɑːrts/

the local environment

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

privateadjectiveUS /ˈpraɪvət/

confined to particular persons or groups or providing privacy

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

probablyadverbUS /ˈprɑːbəbliː/

with considerable certainty; without much doubt

From this reading Some of his letters were never received by the Society and had probably been lost on the way.

publishedadjectiveUS /ˈpʌblɪʃt/

prepared and printed for distribution and sale

From this reading But this has now been disproved by the newly published "Letters of George Borrow to the Bible Society."

receivedadjectiveUS /rəˈsiːvd/

conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers

From this reading Some of his letters were never received by the Society and had probably been lost on the way.

SocietynounUS /səˈsaɪəti/

an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

SpainnounUS /speɪn/

a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power

From this reading It used to be supposed that "The Bible in Spain" was made up almost entirely from these letters.

SpanishnounUS /ˈspænɪʃ/

the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

suppliedverbUS /səˈplaɪd/

inflected form of “supply” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

supposedadjectiveUS /səˈpoʊzd/

required or under orders

From this reading It used to be supposed that "The Bible in Spain" was made up almost entirely from these letters.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It used to be supposed that "The Bible in Spain" was made up almost entirely from these letters.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading {163a} These letters are about half the length of "The Bible in Spain," and yet only about a third part of them was used by Borrow in writing that book.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading It used to be supposed that "The Bible in Spain" was made up almost entirely from these letters.

thirdnounUS /θɜːrd/

one of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading {163a} These letters are about half the length of "The Bible in Spain," and yet only about a third part of them was used by Borrow in writing that book.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading But this has now been disproved by the newly published "Letters of George Borrow to the Bible Society."

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading It used to be supposed that "The Bible in Spain" was made up almost entirely from these letters.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It used to be supposed that "The Bible in Spain" was made up almost entirely from these letters.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Some of his letters were never received by the Society and had probably been lost on the way.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Some of his letters were never received by the Society and had probably been lost on the way.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

writingnounUS /ˈraɪtɪŋ/

the act of creating written works

From this reading {163a} These letters are about half the length of "The Bible in Spain," and yet only about a third part of them was used by Borrow in writing that book.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading {163a} These letters are about half the length of "The Bible in Spain," and yet only about a third part of them was used by Borrow in writing that book.

Zincali

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In "The Zincali" Borrow used some of his private notes and others supplied by Spanish friends, together with parts of letters to the Bible Society.

Chapter 21 of George Borrow: The Man and His Books by Edward Thomas holds 217 sentences, grouped into 44 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 21 of George Borrow: The Man and His Books contain?

Chapter 21 holds 217 sentences of George Borrow: The Man and His Books, unabridged, divided into 44 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 21 of George Borrow: The Man and His Books by Edward Thomas exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 217 sentences, grouped into 44 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 21 of George Borrow: The Man and His Books?

Work through the 44 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 44 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 21 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 21 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in George Borrow: The Man and His Books

Words and structures a reader meets early in George Borrow: The Man and His Books, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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