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George Washington
George Washington

Chapter XII

Chapter 12 of George Washington is here in full — 89 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for George Washington
Context Illustration Reading 1/17 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.
The patriots must now win freedom beneath its folds or fall with honor.
Many difficulties had been overcome, but still greater ones remained to be conquered.
England was gathering all her strength together to subjugate the so-called rebels.
New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

George Washington

Chapter XII

Chapter 12 of George Washington is here in full — 89 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/17 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.
Line 2
The patriots must now win freedom beneath its folds or fall with honor.
/ðə ˈpeɪtriəts mʌst naʊ wɪn ˈfriːdəm bɪˈniːθ ɪts foʊldz ɔːr fɔːl wɪð ˈɑːnər/
Line 3
Many difficulties had been overcome, but still greater ones remained to be conquered.
/ˈmeni ˈdɪfəkəltiz hæd bɪn ˈoʊvərkʌm bʌt stɪl ˈɡreɪtər wʌnz rɪˈmeɪnd tuː biː ˈkɑːŋkərd/
Line 4
England was gathering all her strength together to subjugate the so-called rebels.
/ˈɪŋɡlənd wɑːz ˈɡæðərɪŋ ɔːl hɜːr streŋkθ təˈɡeðər tuː ˈsʌbdʒəɡeɪt ðə ˈsoʊˈkɔːld ˈrebəlz/
Line 5
New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.
/nuː truːps wɜːr sent tuː ˈdʒenərəl haʊ ˌɪnˈkluːdɪŋ ˈdʒɜːrmən ˈsʌbdʒɪkts huːm ɡreɪt ˈbrɪtən hæd bɑːt tuː juːs æz ˌeksəˈkjuːʃənərz ɪn əˈmerəkə/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

banner noun US /ˈbænər/

long strip of cloth or paper used for decoration or advertising

From this reading “Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.”

Britain noun US /ˈbrɪtən/

a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; “Great Britain” is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom

From this reading “New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.”

executioners noun US /ˌeksəˈkjuːʃənərz/

plural of “executioner” — an official who inflicts capital punishment in pursuit of a warrant

From this reading “New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.”

Howe noun US /haʊ/

United States editor (1920-1993)

From this reading “New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.”

patriots noun US /ˈpeɪtriəts/

plural of “patriot” — one who loves and defends his or her country

From this reading “The patriots must now win freedom beneath its folds or fall with honor.”

rebels noun US /ˈrebəlz/

plural of “rebel” — “Johnny” was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War; “greyback” derived from their grey Confederate uniforms

From this reading “England was gathering all her strength together to subjugate the so-called rebels.”

so-called adjective US /ˈsoʊˈkɔːld/

doubtful or suspect

From this reading “England was gathering all her strength together to subjugate the so-called rebels.”

subjugate verb US /ˈsʌbdʒəɡeɪt/

put down by force or intimidation

From this reading “England was gathering all her strength together to subjugate the so-called rebels.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

shone upon verb + particle counted as “shine upon”

In this reading “Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.”

white stars noun + noun counted as “white star”

In this reading “Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.”

All words in this reading · 68

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading England was gathering all her strength together to subjugate the so-called rebels.

AmericanounUS /əˈmerəkə/

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

bannernounUS /ˈbænər/

long strip of cloth or paper used for decoration or advertising

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Many difficulties had been overcome, but still greater ones remained to be conquered.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

beneathprepositionUS /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading The patriots must now win freedom beneath its folds or fall with honor.

blueadjectiveUS /bluː/

of the color intermediate between green and violet; having a color similar to that of a clear unclouded sky

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

boughtverbUS /bɑːt/

inflected form of “buy” — obtain by purchase; acquire by means of a financial transaction

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

BritainnounUS /ˈbrɪtən/

a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; “Great Britain” is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Many difficulties had been overcome, but still greater ones remained to be conquered.

conqueredverbUS /ˈkɑːŋkərd/

past form of “conquer” — bring under control by force or authority

From this reading Many difficulties had been overcome, but still greater ones remained to be conquered.

difficultiesnounUS /ˈdɪfəkəltiz/

plural of “difficulty” — an effort that is inconvenient

From this reading Many difficulties had been overcome, but still greater ones remained to be conquered.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading England was gathering all her strength together to subjugate the so-called rebels.

executionersnounUS /ˌeksəˈkjuːʃənərz/

plural of “executioner” — an official who inflicts capital punishment in pursuit of a warrant

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

fallverbUS /fɔːl/

descend in free fall under the influence of gravity

From this reading The patriots must now win freedom beneath its folds or fall with honor.

fieldnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

foldsnounUS /foʊldz/

plural of “fold” — an angular or rounded shape made by folding

From this reading The patriots must now win freedom beneath its folds or fall with honor.

freedomnounUS /ˈfriːdəm/

the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraints

From this reading The patriots must now win freedom beneath its folds or fall with honor.

gatheringnounUS /ˈɡæðərɪŋ/

a group of persons together in one place

From this reading England was gathering all her strength together to subjugate the so-called rebels.

GeneraladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

GermannounUS /ˈdʒɜːrmən/

a person of German nationality

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

GreatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

greateradjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪtər/

greater in size or importance or degree

From this reading Many difficulties had been overcome, but still greater ones remained to be conquered.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading England was gathering all her strength together to subjugate the so-called rebels.

honornounUS /ˈɑːnər/

a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction

From this reading The patriots must now win freedom beneath its folds or fall with honor.

HowenounUS /haʊ/

United States editor (1920-1993)

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

includingverbUS /ˌɪnˈkluːdɪŋ/

-ing form of “include” — have as a part, be made up out of

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

ManyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Many difficulties had been overcome, but still greater ones remained to be conquered.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading The patriots must now win freedom beneath its folds or fall with honor.

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The patriots must now win freedom beneath its folds or fall with honor.

onesnounUS /wʌnz/

plural of “one” — the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Many difficulties had been overcome, but still greater ones remained to be conquered.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The patriots must now win freedom beneath its folds or fall with honor.

overcomeverbUS /ˈoʊvərkʌm/

win a victory over

From this reading Many difficulties had been overcome, but still greater ones remained to be conquered.

patriotsnounUS /ˈpeɪtriəts/

plural of “patriot” — one who loves and defends his or her country

From this reading The patriots must now win freedom beneath its folds or fall with honor.

raisedadjectiveUS /reɪzd/

located or moved above the surround or above the normal position

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

rebelsnounUS /ˈrebəlz/

plural of “rebel” — “Johnny” was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War; “greyback” derived from their grey Confederate uniforms

From this reading England was gathering all her strength together to subjugate the so-called rebels.

remainedverbUS /rɪˈmeɪnd/

past form of “remain” — stay the same; remain in a certain state

From this reading Many difficulties had been overcome, but still greater ones remained to be conquered.

representverbUS /ˌreprɪˈzent/

take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

shoneverbUS /ʃoʊn/

inflected form of “shine” — be bright by reflecting or casting light

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

so-calledadjectiveUS /ˈsoʊˈkɔːld/

doubtful or suspect

From this reading England was gathering all her strength together to subjugate the so-called rebels.

star-spangled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

starsnounUS /stɑːrz/

plural of “star” — (astronomy) a celestial body of hot gases that radiates energy derived from thermonuclear reactions in the interior

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

StatesnounUS /steɪts/

plural of “state” — the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading Many difficulties had been overcome, but still greater ones remained to be conquered.

strengthnounUS /streŋkθ/

the property of being physically or mentally strong

From this reading England was gathering all her strength together to subjugate the so-called rebels.

subjectsnounUS /ˈsʌbdʒɪkts/

plural of “subject” — the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

subjugateverbUS /ˈsʌbdʒəɡeɪt/

put down by force or intimidation

From this reading England was gathering all her strength together to subjugate the so-called rebels.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

thirteennounUS /ˈθɜːrˈtiːn/

the cardinal number that is the sum of twelve and one

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

TimesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading England was gathering all her strength together to subjugate the so-called rebels.

troopsnounUS /truːps/

soldiers collectively

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

TryingadjectiveUS /ˈtraɪɪŋ/

hard to endure

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading England was gathering all her strength together to subjugate the so-called rebels.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading Trying Times “The star-spangled banner” had been raised; thirteen white stars, to represent the thirteen States, shone upon its blue field.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading New troops were sent to General Howe, including German subjects whom Great Britain had bought to use as executioners in America.

winverbUS /wɪn/

be the winner in a contest or competition; be victorious

From this reading The patriots must now win freedom beneath its folds or fall with honor.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The patriots must now win freedom beneath its folds or fall with honor.

Chapter 12 of George Washington by Ferdinand Schmidt holds 89 sentences, grouped into 18 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 12 of George Washington contain?

Chapter 12 holds 89 sentences of George Washington, unabridged, divided into 18 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 12 of George Washington by Ferdinand Schmidt exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 89 sentences, grouped into 18 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 12 of George Washington?

Work through the 18 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 18 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 12 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 12 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading George Washington

Common questions about reading George Washington by Ferdinand Schmidt on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of George Washington?

Yes. All 1430 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #60236 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of George Washington is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #60236, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does George Washington take to read?

About 119 minutes of reading across 286 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read George Washington section by section

How to work through George Washington section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 18 chapters of George Washington to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in George Washington

Words and structures a reader meets early in George Washington, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Https
A word that appears in the opening chapter of George Washington; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Translator
A word that appears in the opening chapter of George Washington; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Memories
A word that appears in the opening chapter of George Washington; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Immensee
A word that appears in the opening chapter of George Washington; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.