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Germinal
Germinal

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of Germinal is here in full — 263 sentences across 53 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Germinal
Context Illustration Reading 1/52 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.
This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.
The Deux-Cent-Quarante settlement lay beneath the snow as though it had disappeared.
No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.
It was nothing more than a quarry of white slabs in the white plain, a vision of a dead village wound in its shroud.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Germinal

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of Germinal is here in full — 263 sentences across 53 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/52 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.
/snoʊ hæd bɪn ˈfɑːlɪŋ fɔːr tuː deɪz sɪns ðə ˈmɔːrnɪŋ ɪt hæd siːst ənd æn ˌɪnˈtens frɔːst hæd ˈfroʊzən ðə ˌɪˈmens ʃiːt/
Line 2
This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.
/ðɪs blæk ˈkʌntri wɪð ɪts ˈɪŋki roʊdz ənd wɔːlz ənd triːz ˈpaʊdərd wɪð koʊl dʌst wɑːz naʊ waɪt ə ˈsɪŋɡəl ˈwaɪtnəs ˈstretʃɪŋ aʊt wɪˈθaʊt end/
Line 3
The Deux-Cent-Quarante settlement lay beneath the snow as though it had disappeared.
Line 4
No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.
/noʊ smoʊk keɪm aʊt ʌv ðə ˈtʃɪmniz ðə ˈhaʊsəz wɪˈθaʊt ˈfaɪər ənd æz koʊld æz ðə stoʊnz ɪn ðə striːt dɪd nɑːt melt ðə θɪk ˈleɪər ɑːn ðə taɪlz/
Line 5
It was nothing more than a quarry of white slabs in the white plain, a vision of a dead village wound in its shroud.
/ɪt wɑːz ˈnʌθɪŋ mɔːr ðæn ə ˈkwɔːri ʌv waɪt slæbz ɪn ðə waɪt pleɪn ə ˈvɪʒən ʌv ə ded ˈvɪlədʒ waʊnd ɪn ɪts ʃraʊd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

chimneys noun US /ˈtʃɪmniz/

plural of “chimney” — a vertical flue that provides a path through which smoke from a fire is carried away through the wall or roof of a building

From this reading “No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.”

inky adjective US /ˈɪŋki/

of the color of black ink

From this reading “This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.”

layer noun US /ˈleɪər/

single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance

From this reading “No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.”

powdered adjective US /ˈpaʊdərd/

consisting of fine particles

From this reading “This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.”

quarry noun US /ˈkwɔːri/

a person who is the aim of an attack (especially a victim of ridicule or exploitation) by some hostile person or influence

From this reading “It was nothing more than a quarry of white slabs in the white plain, a vision of a dead village wound in its shroud.”

shroud verb US /ʃraʊd/

cover as if with a shroud

From this reading “It was nothing more than a quarry of white slabs in the white plain, a vision of a dead village wound in its shroud.”

slabs noun US /slæbz/

plural of “slab” — block consisting of a thick piece of something

From this reading “It was nothing more than a quarry of white slabs in the white plain, a vision of a dead village wound in its shroud.”

tiles noun US /taɪlz/

plural of “tile” — a flat thin rectangular slab (as of fired clay or rubber or linoleum) used to cover surfaces

From this reading “No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

thick layer adjective + noun

In this reading “No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.”

two days noun + noun

In this reading “Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.”

lay beneath verb + particle

In this reading “The Deux-Cent-Quarante settlement lay beneath the snow as though it had disappeared.”

came out verb + adjective counted as “come out”

appear or become visible; make a showing

In this reading “No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.”

in the street preposition + article + noun counted as “in … street”

In this reading “No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.”

All words in this reading · 77

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The Deux-Cent-Quarante settlement lay beneath the snow as though it had disappeared.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

beneathprepositionUS /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading The Deux-Cent-Quarante settlement lay beneath the snow as though it had disappeared.

blackadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

ceasedverbUS /siːst/

past form of “cease” — put an end to a state or an activity

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

chimneysnounUS /ˈtʃɪmniz/

plural of “chimney” — a vertical flue that provides a path through which smoke from a fire is carried away through the wall or roof of a building

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

coalnounUS /koʊl/

fossil fuel consisting of carbonized vegetable matter deposited in the Carboniferous period

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

coldadjectiveUS /koʊld/

having a low or inadequate temperature or feeling a sensation of coldness or having been made cold by e.g. ice or refrigeration

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

deadadjectiveUS /ded/

no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life

From this reading It was nothing more than a quarry of white slabs in the white plain, a vision of a dead village wound in its shroud.

Deux-Cent-Quarante

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Deux-Cent-Quarante settlement lay beneath the snow as though it had disappeared.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

disappearedverbUS /ˌdɪsəˈpɪrd/

past form of “disappear” — get lost, as without warning or explanation

From this reading The Deux-Cent-Quarante settlement lay beneath the snow as though it had disappeared.

dustverbUS /dʌst/

remove the dust from

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

fallingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːlɪŋ/

decreasing in amount or degree

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

fireverbUS /ˈfaɪər/

start firing a weapon

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

frostnounUS /frɔːst/

ice crystals forming a white deposit (especially on objects outside)

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

frozenadjectiveUS /ˈfroʊzən/

turned into ice; affected by freezing or by long and severe cold

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

housesnounUS /ˈhaʊsəz/

plural of “house” — a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

immenseadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈmens/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

inkyadjectiveUS /ˈɪŋki/

of the color of black ink

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

intenseadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtens/

possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

layverbUS /leɪ/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading The Deux-Cent-Quarante settlement lay beneath the snow as though it had disappeared.

layernounUS /ˈleɪər/

single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

meltverbUS /melt/

reduce or cause to be reduced from a solid to a liquid state, usually by heating

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading It was nothing more than a quarry of white slabs in the white plain, a vision of a dead village wound in its shroud.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

NodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading It was nothing more than a quarry of white slabs in the white plain, a vision of a dead village wound in its shroud.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

plainadjectiveUS /pleɪn/

clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment

From this reading It was nothing more than a quarry of white slabs in the white plain, a vision of a dead village wound in its shroud.

powderedadjectiveUS /ˈpaʊdərd/

consisting of fine particles

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

quarrynounUS /ˈkwɔːri/

a person who is the aim of an attack (especially a victim of ridicule or exploitation) by some hostile person or influence

From this reading It was nothing more than a quarry of white slabs in the white plain, a vision of a dead village wound in its shroud.

roadsnounUS /roʊdz/

a partly sheltered anchorage

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

settlementnounUS /ˈsetəlmənt/

a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading The Deux-Cent-Quarante settlement lay beneath the snow as though it had disappeared.

sheetnounUS /ʃiːt/

any broad thin expanse or surface

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

shroudverbUS /ʃraʊd/

cover as if with a shroud

From this reading It was nothing more than a quarry of white slabs in the white plain, a vision of a dead village wound in its shroud.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

singleadjectiveUS /ˈsɪŋɡəl/

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

slabsnounUS /slæbz/

plural of “slab” — block consisting of a thick piece of something

From this reading It was nothing more than a quarry of white slabs in the white plain, a vision of a dead village wound in its shroud.

smokenounUS /smoʊk/

a cloud of fine particles suspended in a gas

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

SnownounUS /snoʊ/

precipitation falling from clouds in the form of ice crystals

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

stonesnounUS /stoʊnz/

plural of “stone” — a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

streetnounUS /striːt/

a thoroughfare (usually including sidewalks) that is lined with buildings

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

stretchingnounUS /ˈstretʃɪŋ/

act of expanding by lengthening or widening

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading It was nothing more than a quarry of white slabs in the white plain, a vision of a dead village wound in its shroud.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

thickadjectiveUS /θɪk/

not thin; of a specific thickness or of relatively great extent from one surface to the opposite usually in the smallest of the three solid dimensions

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading The Deux-Cent-Quarante settlement lay beneath the snow as though it had disappeared.

tilesnounUS /taɪlz/

plural of “tile” — a flat thin rectangular slab (as of fired clay or rubber or linoleum) used to cover surfaces

From this reading No smoke came out of the chimneys; the houses, without fire and as cold as the stones in the street, did not melt the thick layer on the tiles.

treesnounUS /triːz/

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Snow had been falling for two days; since the morning it had ceased, and an intense frost had frozen the immense sheet.

villagenounUS /ˈvɪlədʒ/

a community of people smaller than a town

From this reading It was nothing more than a quarry of white slabs in the white plain, a vision of a dead village wound in its shroud.

visionnounUS /ˈvɪʒən/

a vivid mental image

From this reading It was nothing more than a quarry of white slabs in the white plain, a vision of a dead village wound in its shroud.

wallsnounUS /wɔːlz/

plural of “wall” — an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

whitenessnounUS /ˈwaɪtnəs/

the quality or state of the achromatic color of greatest lightness (bearing the least resemblance to black)

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading This black country, with its inky roads and walls and trees powdered with coal dust, was now white, a single whiteness stretching out without end.

woundnounUS /waʊnd/

an injury to living tissue (especially an injury involving a cut or break in the skin)

From this reading It was nothing more than a quarry of white slabs in the white plain, a vision of a dead village wound in its shroud.

Chapter 31 of Germinal by Émile Zola holds 263 sentences, grouped into 53 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of Germinal contain?

Chapter 31 holds 263 sentences of Germinal, unabridged, divided into 53 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of Germinal by Émile Zola exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 263 sentences, grouped into 53 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of Germinal?

Work through the 53 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 53 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Germinal

Common questions about reading Germinal by Émile Zola on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Germinal?

Yes. All 10162 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #56528 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Germinal is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #56528, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Germinal take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 2033 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Germinal section by section

How to work through Germinal section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Germinal to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Germinal

Words and structures a reader meets early in Germinal, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Translated
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Germinal; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Introduced
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Germinal; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Havelock
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Germinal; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Ellis
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Germinal; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.