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Gleanings in Europe
Gleanings in Europe

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Gleanings in Europe is here in full — 144 sentences across 29 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/28 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.
Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.
We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.
As yet we had only seen Cis-Alpine Gaul.
Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Gleanings in Europe

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Gleanings in Europe is here in full — 144 sentences across 29 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/28 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.
Line 2
Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.
Line 3
We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.
/wiː hæd ˈsɜːrtənli sʌm ʌv ðə ˈɑːrkətektʃər ˈɡlɪmpsɪz ʌv ðə ˈneɪtʃər ənd ə ˈmʌltətuːd ʌv ðə ˌrekəˈlekʃənz ʌv ðə ˈlætər wer wiː ðen wɜːr bʌt wiː wel nuː ðæt ðer wɑːz mɔːr bɪˈɑːnd ənd wiː wɜːr ɡlæd tuː ˈhɜːri təˈwɔːrdz ɪt ˈæftər ðə tuː ɔːr θriː deɪz ʌv riˈpoʊz ðæt wiː hæd naʊ ˈteɪkən/
Line 4
As yet we had only seen Cis-Alpine Gaul.
Line 5
Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Bologna noun US /bəˈloʊni/

the capital of Emilia-Romagna; located in northern Italy to the east of the Apennines

From this reading “Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.”

Caspar noun US /ˈkæspər/

(New Testament) one of the three sages from the east who came bearing gifts for the infant Jesus

From this reading “Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.”

Duchy noun US /ˈdʌtʃi/

the domain controlled by a duke or duchess

From this reading “Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.”

Gaul noun US /ɡɔːl/

a person of French descent

From this reading “As yet we had only seen Cis-Alpine Gaul.”

Inns noun US /ɪnz/

plural of “inn” — a hotel providing overnight lodging for travelers

From this reading “Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.”

Milan noun US /məˈlɑːn/

the capital of Lombardy in northern Italy; has been an international center of trade and industry since the Middle Ages

From this reading “Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.”

Quack noun US /kwæk/

an untrained person who pretends to be a physician and who dispenses medical advice

From this reading “Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.”

separates noun US /ˈsepəreɪts/

plural of “separate” — a separately printed article that originally appeared in a larger publication

From this reading “Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

renewed vigour adjective + noun

In this reading “Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.”

three days noun + noun

In this reading “We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.”

some time adjective + noun

In this reading “Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.”

entered the carriage verb + article + noun counted as “enter … carriage”

In this reading “Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.”

before the sun preposition + article + noun counted as “before … sun”

In this reading “Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.”

All words in this reading · 119

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

AlthoughconjunctionUS /ˌɔːlˈðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

architecturenounUS /ˈɑːrkətektʃər/

an architectural product or work

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

ardournoun

a feeling of strong eagerness (usually in favor of a person or cause)

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As yet we had only seen Cis-Alpine Gaul.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

atmospherenounUS /ˈætməsfɪr/

a particular environment or surrounding influence

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

barriernounUS /ˈbæriər/

a structure or object that impedes free movement

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

BattlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

beyondprepositionUS /bɪˈɑːnd/

on the far side of; further than

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

BolognanounUS /bəˈloʊni/

the capital of Emilia-Romagna; located in northern Italy to the east of the Apennines

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

breathedadjectiveUS /briːðd/

uttered without voice

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

BridgenounUS /brɪdʒ/

a structure that allows people or vehicles to cross an obstacle such as a river or canal or railway etc.

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

carriagenounUS /ˈkærɪdʒ/

a railcar where passengers ride

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

CasparnounUS /ˈkæspər/

(New Testament) one of the three sages from the east who came bearing gifts for the infant Jesus

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

CastlenounUS /ˈkæsəl/

a large and stately mansion

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

certainlyadverbUS /ˈsɜːrtənli/

definitely or positively (“sure” is sometimes used informally for “surely”)

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

ChargesnounUS /ˈtʃɑːrdʒəz/

plural of “charge” — an impetuous rush toward someone or something

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

Cis-Alpine

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As yet we had only seen Cis-Alpine Gaul.

CompositionnounUS /ˌkɑːmpəˈzɪʃən/

the spatial property resulting from the arrangement of parts in relation to each other and to the whole

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

delightverbUS /dɪˈlaɪt/

give pleasure to or be pleasing to

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

DeparturenounUS /dɪˈpɑːrtʃər/

the act of departing

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

diminishedadjectiveUS /dɪˈmɪnɪʃt/

impaired by diminution

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

Doveria

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

DuchynounUS /ˈdʌtʃi/

the domain controlled by a duke or duchess

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

enjoymentnounUS /ˌenˈdʒɔɪmənt/

the pleasure felt when having a good time

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

enterverbUS /ˈentər/

to come or go into

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

enteredverbUS /ˈentərd/

past form of “enter” — to come or go into

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

expectationnounUS /ˌekspekˈteɪʃən/

belief about (or mental picture of) the future

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

falseadjectiveUS /fɔːls/

not in accordance with the fact or reality or actuality

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

FloorsnounUS /flɔːrz/

plural of “floor” — the inside lower horizontal surface (as of a room, hallway, tent, or other structure)

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

Frog-eating

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

gatenounUS /ɡeɪt/

a movable barrier in a fence or wall

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

GaulnounUS /ɡɔːl/

a person of French descent

From this reading As yet we had only seen Cis-Alpine Gaul.

gladadjectiveUS /ɡlæd/

showing or causing joy and pleasure; especially made happy

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

glennounUS /ɡlen/

a narrow secluded valley (in the mountains)

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

glimpsesnounUS /ˈɡlɪmpsɪz/

plural of “glimpse” — a quick look

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

Guelfo

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

horsenounUS /hɔːrs/

solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

hurrynounUS /ˈhɜːri/

a condition of urgency making it necessary to hurry

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

InnsnounUS /ɪnz/

plural of “inn” — a hotel providing overnight lodging for travelers

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

ItaliannounUS /ˌɪˈtæljən/

a native or inhabitant of Italy

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

ItalynounUS /ˈɪtəli/

a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

ItsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

knewverbUS /nuː/

inflected form of “know” — be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

latteradjectiveUS /ˈlætər/

referring to the second of two things or persons mentioned (or the last one or ones of several)

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

Lodi

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

LowerverbUS /ˈloʊər/

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

MilannounUS /məˈlɑːn/

the capital of Lombardy in northern Italy; has been an international center of trade and industry since the Middle Ages

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

Modena

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

momentnounUS /ˈmoʊmənt/

a particular point in time

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

mountainsnounUS /ˈmaʊntənz/

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

mountedadjectiveUS /ˈmaʊntəd/

assembled for use; especially by being attached to a support

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

multitudenounUS /ˈmʌltətuːd/

a large indefinite number

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

OldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading As yet we had only seen Cis-Alpine Gaul.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

Parma

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

Piacenza

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

QuacknounUS /kwæk/

an untrained person who pretends to be a physician and who dispenses medical advice

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

quitverbUS /kwɪt/

put an end to a state or an activity

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

reallyadverbUS /ˈrɪli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

recollectionsnounUS /ˌrekəˈlekʃənz/

plural of “recollection” — the ability to recall past occurrences

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

renewedadjectiveUS /rɪˈnuːd/

restored to a new condition

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

reposeverbUS /riˈpoʊz/

put or confide something in a person or thing

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

risenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪzən/

(of e.g. celestial bodies) above the horizon

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

scarcelyadverbUS /ˈskersli/

only a very short time before

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading As yet we had only seen Cis-Alpine Gaul.

separatesnounUS /ˈsepəreɪts/

plural of “separate” — a separately printed article that originally appeared in a larger publication

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

southernadjectiveUS /ˈsʌðərn/

in or characteristic of a region of the United States south of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

sunnounUS /sʌn/

the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

towardsprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

TowersnounUS /ˈtaʊərz/

plural of “tower” — a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building

From this reading Departure from Milan.--Lodi.--A Quack.--Frog-eating.--Battle at the Bridge of Lodi.--Piacenza.--The Duchy of Parma.--Charges at Inns.--Castle Guelfo.--Parma.--Modena.--Composition Floors.--Bologna.--Its Towers.

trottedverbUS /ˈtrɑːtɪd/

inflected form of “trot” — run at a moderately swift pace

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

trueadjectiveUS /truː/

consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

turnedadjectiveUS /tɜːrnd/

moved around an axis or center

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

UpperadjectiveUS /ˈʌpər/

the topmost one of two

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

valleynounUS /ˈvæli/

a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

vigournoun

forceful exertion

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Although we had breathed an atmosphere of delight from the moment the carriage turned out of the glen of the Doveria to enter the first really Italian valley, the ardour of expectation and enjoyment was scarcely diminished when we entered the carriage to quit Milan, on our way towards the barrier of mountains that separates the Upper from the Lower, the false from the true Italy.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading We had certainly some of the architecture, glimpses of the nature, and a multitude of the recollections of the latter, where we then were; but we well knew that there was more beyond, and we were glad to hurry towards it after the two or three days of repose that we had now taken.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Old Caspar mounted his horse with renewed vigour, and he trotted through the southern gate with us, some time before the sun had risen.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading As yet we had only seen Cis-Alpine Gaul.

Chapter 2 of Gleanings in Europe by James Fenimore Cooper holds 144 sentences, grouped into 29 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Gleanings in Europe contain?

Chapter 2 holds 144 sentences of Gleanings in Europe, unabridged, divided into 29 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Gleanings in Europe by James Fenimore Cooper exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 144 sentences, grouped into 29 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Gleanings in Europe?

Work through the 29 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 29 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Gleanings in Europe

Common questions about reading Gleanings in Europe by James Fenimore Cooper on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Gleanings in Europe?

Yes. All 2346 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #76712 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Gleanings in Europe is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #76712, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Gleanings in Europe take to read?

About 195 minutes of reading across 470 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Gleanings in Europe

Words and structures a reader meets early in Gleanings in Europe, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Gleanings
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gleanings in Europe; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Europe
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gleanings in Europe; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
American
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gleanings in Europe; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Volumes
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gleanings in Europe; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.